विकिपीडिया:IPA for Russian

मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Russian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

IPA Examples IPA Examples[1] English equivalents
Consonants
b бок; небо белый; воробей boot; beautiful
d дом; деда делает; Владимир do; dew (for some dialects)
f фата; выставка;[2] Чехов;[3] шурф фея; червь[3] fool; few
ɡ говорю; другой ɡʲ гербарий; ноги goo; argue
ɣ Господь, Господи;[4] interj. ага, ого[4]
j есть; юла; я; толстый [5] yes, boy
k кость; книга; рука; бок кишки; короткий cool; cute
l луна; стула ; ствол[6] лес; колено; мысль pill; least
m мыло; думать; там мясо; доме moot; mute
n нос; он нёс; они; корень noon; newt (for some dialects)
p пыль; стопа; скрип; зуб[3] пепел; зыбь[3] pool; pew
r рыба; широкий; орла; жир река; четыре; три; зверь trilled r, like in Spanish
s собака; писать; нос; глаз[3] синий; здесь; есть; грызть[2] soup; super (for some dialects)
ʂ широкий; наш; хороший; муж;[3] что ɕɕ щегол; считать; мужчина; вращать [7] shop; fresh cheese, fish show
t тот; читаю; водка;[2] лёд[3] тереть; дитя; грудь[3] tool; tune (for some dialects)
t͡s цель; птица; отец t͡ɕ чай; печень; течь tsunami, cats; chip
v ваш; давать; его[8] вести; человек voodoo; view
x ходить; ухо; Бог[4] хина; лёгкий[2][4] bach; huge (for some dialects).
z заезжать; язык зелёный; озеро; просьба;[2] zoo; azure (for some dialects)
ʐ жест; тяжёлый ʑʑ дрожжи; заезжать[9] rouge; asia
IPA Examples English equivalent
Stressed vowels
a трава́ ton
æ пять pat
ɑ па́лка [10] palm
e пень pay
ɛ жест met
i си́него meet
ɨ ты roses (for some dialects)
o о́блако chore
ɵ тётя audio
u пу́ля moon
ʉ чуть choose
Unstressed vowels
ɐ паро́м; сообража́ть; тропа́ bud
ə ко́жа; ше́я; о́блако about
ɪ тяжёлый; эта́п; четы́ре bit
ɨ дыша́ть; жена́; го́ды dinner
ʉ юти́ться youth
ʊ мужчи́на put
Other symbols used in transcription of Russian pronunciation
IPA Explanation
ˈ Stress (placed before the stressed syllable),
for example этап [ɪˈtap]
  1. Russian makes contrasts between palatalized ("soft") and unpalatalized ("hard") consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript j, ‹ ʲ› , are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j/, /ɕɕ/, /tɕ/, /ʑʑ/ are also considered "soft".
  2. In consonant clusters, the voicing or devoicing is determined by that of the final obstruent in the sequence (Halle 1959:31)
  3. Voiced obstruents (/b/, /bʲ/, /d/, /dʲ/ /ɡ/, /v/, /vʲ/, /z/, /zʲ/, /ʐ/, and /ʑʑ/) are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
  4. In some religious words such as Бог and Господь, as well as interjections, ‹г› and ‹к› represent [ɣ] and [x], respectively. When /ɡ/ loses its voicing, it is also lenited (a form of dissimilation) before plosives in some words.
  5. The "soft" vowel letters <е> <ю> and <я> represent a /j/ plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels or a yer. When such vowels are unstressed, the /j/ may be deleted.
  6. /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized but this feature is nondistinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
  7. While some speakers pronounce words with ‹щ› as [ɕɕ] and others as [ɕtɕ], none contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes words spelled with other letters, though speakers with the [ɕɕ] pronunciation may still pronounce words like считывать with [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between ‹с› and ‹ч›.
  8. Intervocalic <г> can represent /v/ in certain words and affixes
  9. The phoneme /ʑʑ/ is in many dialects is replaced with /ʐ/.
  10. [ɑ] appears between a hard consonant (or a pause) and /l/
  • Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell Publishing, आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-631-19815-6