12345678To an English ear, [t̪t̪ʰʈʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪d̪ʱɖɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪d̪] are like Spanish or French [td], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰd̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
↑[v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
1234/iː,ɪ/ and /uː,ʊ/ are neutralized to [i,u] at the end of a word.
