विकिपीडिया:IPA for Portuguese and Galician

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Portuguese and Galician pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards of Portuguese (P), one of Portugal (EP), one of Brazil (BP), and one of Galician, in Galicia (G). Neither Portuguese variant is preferred over the other at Wikipedia except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant, such as a place in Brazil or a Portuguese artist.

See Portuguese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Portuguese.

IPA Consonants
गलिशिया (स्पेन) पुर्तगाल ब्राज़ील Examples English equivalent
b b besta; vaca (G) best
β β sábado [1] between baby and bevy or best
v cavalo; palavra; vaca (P) vest or between baby and bevy
ð d rapadura [1] this or dice
d dedo dice
dʒ digo [2] dice or engine
f fase; café deface
ɡ ɡ gato; guerra get
ɣ magarefe; trigo [1] between go and ahold or get
k cama; laca; quente; kelvin scan
l l livre (P); libre (G); calor slip
ɫ w mal; principal [3] pill; cow or slip
ʎ velho (P); vello (G) [4] roughly like million
m mesa; comer almighty
n nata; ano sonic
ŋ algunha; can; inglesa (G) singer
ɲ ȷ̃ manhã (P); mañá (G) roughly like canyon
p peito; topo spouse
r ʁ ʁ raro; carro; enrascado [5] guttural r (P) or trilled r (G)
ɾ cor; morte [6] ladder in American English
or guttural r (some dialects of BP)
ɾ raro; caro; bravo; por acaso ladder in American English
s z z casa; existir; portas abertas zebra or sack
z ʒ rasgado; portas brancas rouge; zebra or sack
θ z zona; azul zebra or thought
ʃ s dez; foz ship; sack or thought
s cimeira; braço (P); brazo (G) sack or thought
s saco; máximo; isso (P); iso (G) sack
ʃ escola; mastro; portas fechadas ship or sack
ʃ ʃ xarope; baixo ship
tʃ chave; achar ship or reach
tʃ tʃ tchau reach
t tipo; ponte [2] stand or reach
t tempo; átomo stand
ʃ ʒ já; gente (P); xa; xente (G) rouge or ship
IPA Marginal consonants
गलिशिया (स्पेन) पुर्तगाल ब्राज़ील Examples English equivalent
ħ ghato; trigho (G) [7] roughly like hook
IPA Vowels
गलिशिया (स्पेन) पुर्तगाल ब्राज़ील Examples English approximation
a a a taça; às; lá; Camões father
ɐ[8] cabide
ɐ[8] taça; câmera; rush; cama [9] banana; but (RP)
ɛ ɛ ɛ meta, sé set
e e incrível; prémio/prêmio [9]
e[10] meto; sê; acepção play
ɨ[11] semáforo emission
i gente; pequeno; se; aperfeiçoe
i i si; proibir see
ɔ ɔ ɔ formosa; formosos; avó ball (GA), lot (RP)
o o bónus/bônus [9]
o formoso; avô sole (GA); sword (RP)
u Portugal
u boneco; posso; voo; vi-o; frio [12]
u lume; reunir loop
Nasal vowels
aŋ ɐ̃ canto; ângulo; âmbar; lã
eŋ ẽ cento; sempre
iŋ ĩ cinco; sim
oŋ õ conto, bom
uŋ ũ fungo, algum
 
IPA Semivowels [13]
गलिशिया (स्पेन) पुर्तगाल ब्राज़ील Examples English equivalent
j mais; saia; corações; saguões you or boy
w quando; guarda; frequente; ao; quão wine or cow
 
IPA Suprasegmentals
गलिशिया (स्पेन) पुर्तगाल ब्राज़ील Examples Explanation
ˈ livre [ˈlivɾɨ] (EP) / [ˈlivɾi] (BP)
ˌ livremente [ˌlivɾɨˈmẽtɨ] (EP) / [ˌlivɾiˈmẽtʃi] (BP)
. rua [ˈʁu.ɐ]

See also[संपादित करें]

Notes[संपादित करें]

  1. ↑ अ आ इ In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b] [d] [ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000:11).
  2. ↑ अ आ In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are affricated to [dʒ], [tʃ] before /i, ĩ/.
  3. ↑ In European Portuguese, /l/ is usually velarized much like with pill for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words.
  4. ↑ In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with /j/.
  5. ↑ The rhotic consonant represented as <ʁ> has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil and as [ʁ], [r], etc., in Portugal. It's [r] in Galician. See also Guttural R#Portuguese.
  6. ↑ In Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city it is an alveolar flap, while in Paraná state, many cities of interior of São Paulo state and south of Minas Gerais it may vary to alveolar approximant or retroflex approximant.
  7. ↑ In some Galician dialects /g/ is pharyngealized to [ħ], in a phonological process known as gheada.
  8. ↑ अ आ The height of the Portuguese /ɐ/ is close to [ə]. But in Brazil, at final unstressed position, it is an /a/ which raises in complementary distribution, and its height varies among [ə ~ ɐ ~ a] according to the dialect and the speech rate, being [ə] in relaxed pronunciation but generally (although not always) [a] when singing. (e.g. cama may indeed be pronounced [ˈkəmɐ ~ ˈkə̃mɐ] in Brazil).
  9. ↑ अ आ इ The 5 higher vowels /ɐ, e, i, o, u/, when stressed and followed by a nasal consonant, may assimilate the nasality.
  10. ↑ In Lisbon dialect, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito)
  11. ↑ In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel: [ɯ̟], rather than a close central unrounded vowel.
  12. ↑ Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses; as in frio ('cold'), and rio ('river') may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [fɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ew ʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [elɨ ʁiw] (he laughed).
  13. ↑ The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].
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