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'''ग्वाला''' (संस्कृत: '''गोपाल''') भारत में [[अभीर]] और [[अहीर]]) जाति का [[पर्यायवाची|पर्याय]] है।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1nYMAQAAMAAJ&dq=krishna+were+cowherd(+yadavas)+race&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Yadav|title=People of India: pt.1-2 West Bengal|date=1992|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85579-09-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Zx4bAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+|title=Mithilā ke Yādava|last=Sinhā|first=Mīnākshī|date=1993|publisher=Mahārājā Lakshmīśvara Siṃha Risarca Sosāiṭī|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gOXtGexX2gsC&pg=PA11&dq=buchanan+krishnauth&ei=5xNkS7rBGIjIMpa-0J0O&cd=4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gaur&f=false|title=The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market|last=Swartzberg|first=Leon|date=1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-3039-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&hl=hi&id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwal|title=The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh|last=Soni|first=Lok Nath|date=2000|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture|isbn=978-81-85579-57-3|language=en}}</ref> अहीर स्वयं को ग्वालावंशी तथा नंदवंशी से भी जोड़ते हैं। कुछ अहीर यदुवंशी होने का दावा ठोकते हैं। <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7tAOAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj179_zh9r5AhUhxHMBHRbQBBgQ6AF6BAgLEAM#%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80|title=ब्रज का रास रंगमंच|last=अग्रवाल|first=रामनारायण|date=1981|publisher=नेशनल पब्लिशिंग हाउस|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="viśvakośa">{{पुस्तक सन्दर्भ|last1=Shyam Singh Shashi, Siddalingaswami Gurulingashastrigalu Hiremath,|first1=Lākhana Siṃha|title=Sāmājika vijñāna Hindī viśvakośa, Volume 1|date=1993|publisher=Kitāba Ghara|page=309|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rLTrAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj01-2FzprLAhUNj44KHSb7Atg4ChDoAQg-MAU|access-date=28 फ़रवरी 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205616/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rLTrAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj01-2FzprLAhUNj44KHSb7Atg4ChDoAQg-MAU|archive-date=6 मार्च 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Cattle+and+stick&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=24|title=The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh|last=Soni|first=Lok Nath|date=2000|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture|isbn=978-81-85579-57-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=goal+and+gowala,guala&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1482i6r79AhW9SmwGHVqPBtgQ6AF6BAgAEAE#v=onepage&q=Sanskrit%20gopal&f=false|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|last=Russell|first=Robert Vane|date=2020-09-28|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-8294-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA265&dq=gopa+,gop%C4%81la,gv%C4%81la&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSwKSR7b79AhUjRWwGHUVEDtQQ6AF6BAgGEAE#v=onepage&q=gopa%20,gop%C4%81la,gv%C4%81la&f=false|title=The Sanskrit Epics|last=Brockington|first=J. L.|date=1998|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10260-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lXU_AAAAMAAJ&dq=gopa+,gopala,gvala&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gvala|title=Yadavas of South India|last=Yadav|first=J. N. Singh|date=2001|publisher=Yadava Publications|language=en}}</ref>
'''ग्वाला''' (संस्कृत: '''गोपाल''') भारत में [[यादव]] ([[अहीर]]) जाति का [[पर्यायवाची|पर्याय]] है।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1nYMAQAAMAAJ&dq=krishna+were+cowherd(+yadavas)+race&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Yadav|title=People of India: pt.1-2 West Bengal|date=1992|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85579-09-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Zx4bAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+|title=Mithilā ke Yādava|last=Sinhā|first=Mīnākshī|date=1993|publisher=Mahārājā Lakshmīśvara Siṃha Risarca Sosāiṭī|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gOXtGexX2gsC&pg=PA11&dq=buchanan+krishnauth&ei=5xNkS7rBGIjIMpa-0J0O&cd=4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gaur&f=false|title=The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market|last=Swartzberg|first=Leon|date=1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-3039-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&hl=hi&id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwal|title=The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh|last=Soni|first=Lok Nath|date=2000|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture|isbn=978-81-85579-57-3|language=en}}</ref> अहीरों मे प्रमुखत: तीन वर्ग है- ग्वालावंश, यदुवंश तथा नंदवंश।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7tAOAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj179_zh9r5AhUhxHMBHRbQBBgQ6AF6BAgLEAM#%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80|title=ब्रज का रास रंगमंच|last=अग्रवाल|first=रामनारायण|date=1981|publisher=नेशनल पब्लिशिंग हाउस|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="viśvakośa">{{पुस्तक सन्दर्भ|last1=Shyam Singh Shashi, Siddalingaswami Gurulingashastrigalu Hiremath,|first1=Lākhana Siṃha|title=Sāmājika vijñāna Hindī viśvakośa, Volume 1|date=1993|publisher=Kitāba Ghara|page=309|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rLTrAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj01-2FzprLAhUNj44KHSb7Atg4ChDoAQg-MAU|access-date=28 फ़रवरी 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205616/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rLTrAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj01-2FzprLAhUNj44KHSb7Atg4ChDoAQg-MAU|archive-date=6 मार्च 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Cattle+and+stick&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=24|title=The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh|last=Soni|first=Lok Nath|date=2000|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture|isbn=978-81-85579-57-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=goal+and+gowala,guala&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1482i6r79AhW9SmwGHVqPBtgQ6AF6BAgAEAE#v=onepage&q=Sanskrit%20gopal&f=false|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|last=Russell|first=Robert Vane|date=2020-09-28|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-8294-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA265&dq=gopa+,gop%C4%81la,gv%C4%81la&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSwKSR7b79AhUjRWwGHUVEDtQQ6AF6BAgGEAE#v=onepage&q=gopa%20,gop%C4%81la,gv%C4%81la&f=false|title=The Sanskrit Epics|last=Brockington|first=J. L.|date=1998|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10260-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lXU_AAAAMAAJ&dq=gopa+,gopala,gvala&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gvala|title=Yadavas of South India|last=Yadav|first=J. N. Singh|date=2001|publisher=Yadava Publications|language=en}}</ref>


==व्युत्पत्ति==
==व्युत्पत्ति==
ग्वाला/ग्वाल शब्द का अर्थ गोपाल या "गायों का रक्षक" होता है, अमरकोश, एक प्राचीन संस्कृत पाठ उन्हें [[आभीर]] के पर्याय के रूप में मानता है।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-F7jX9O4zo4C&pg=PA63&dq=gopal+protector+of+cow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BKDGVKmEHY2l8AXJy4G4Cw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=gopal%20protector%20of%20cow&f=false|title=Baby Names for Boys|last=Kumar|first=Vijay|date=2005|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=978-81-901912-3-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lXU_AAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+abhira&dq=gwala+abhira&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H5_GVJn2BIqM8QWDr4DgBQ&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ|title=Yadavas of South India|last=Yadav|first=J. N. Singh|date=2001|publisher=Yadava Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA23&dq=amarkosh+abhira&hl=en&sa=X&ei=06LGVMT-NYrl8gWM9oHYDw&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Amarakosha%20Abhira%20Gopa&f=false|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay|last=Enthoven|first=Reginald Edward|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0630-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-kmTe1XVcW4C&pg=PA162&dq=gopal+protector+of+cow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BKDGVKmEHY2l8AXJy4G4Cw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=gopal%20protector%20of%20cow&f=false|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|last=Landis|first=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D.|date=2012-02-14|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-0448-4|language=en}}</ref>
ग्वाला/ग्वाल शब्द का अर्थ गोपाल या "गायों का रक्षक" होता है, अमरकोश, एक प्राचीन संस्कृत पाठ उन्हें [[आभीर]] के पर्याय के रूप में मानता है।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-F7jX9O4zo4C&pg=PA63&dq=gopal+protector+of+cow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BKDGVKmEHY2l8AXJy4G4Cw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=gopal%20protector%20of%20cow&f=false|title=Baby Names for Boys|last=Kumar|first=Vijay|date=2005|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=978-81-901912-3-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lXU_AAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+abhira&dq=gwala+abhira&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H5_GVJn2BIqM8QWDr4DgBQ&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ|title=Yadavas of South India|last=Yadav|first=J. N. Singh|date=2001|publisher=Yadava Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA23&dq=amarkosh+abhira&hl=en&sa=X&ei=06LGVMT-NYrl8gWM9oHYDw&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Amarakosha%20Abhira%20Gopa&f=false|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay|last=Enthoven|first=Reginald Edward|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0630-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-kmTe1XVcW4C&pg=PA162&dq=gopal+protector+of+cow&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BKDGVKmEHY2l8AXJy4G4Cw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=gopal%20protector%20of%20cow&f=false|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|last=Landis|first=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D.|date=2012-02-14|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-0448-4|language=en}}</ref>


[[यादव]] ([[अहीर]]) को
[[यादव]] ([[अहीर]]) [[क्षत्रिय|क्षत्रियों]] को
[[गाय|गायों]] की रक्षा व पालन के कारण [[गोप]] व गोपाल की संज्ञा दी गयी। उस अवधि में (500 ईसा पूर्व से 1 ईसा पूर्व तक) जब भारत में [[पालि भाषा|पालीभाषा]] प्रचलित थी, [[गोपाल]] शब्द को संशोधित किया गया था एवं गोपाल' शब्द को 'गोआल' में बदल दिया गया और आगे संशोधन करके इसे '[[ग्वाला|ग्वाल]]' का रूप दे दिया गया। एक अज्ञात कवि ने एक श्लोक में इसका उपयुक्त वर्णन किया है कि "गोपालन के कारण [[यादव]] '[[गोप]]' कहलाते हैं, और 'गोपाल' कहलाने के बाद, वे '[[ग्वाला|ग्वाल]]' कहलाते हैं।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh|last=Soni|first=Lok Nath|date=2000|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture|isbn=978-81-85579-57-3|language=en|quote=Abhira were named Gope when they protected the cows, and Gopal when they tended and grazed the cows. 23 In the period (from 500 B.C. to 1 B.C.) when the Pali language was prevalent in India, the word 'Gopal was modified to 'Goal' and by further modification it took the form of Gwal. This has been aptly described by an unknown poet 24 in a verse that" due to rearing cattle, the Yadav are called ' Gope', and after being called' Gopal', they are called' Gwal' (Singh, 1945).}}</ref>
[[गाय|गायों]] की रक्षा व पालन के कारण [[गोप]] व गोपाल की संज्ञा दी गयी। उस अवधि में (500 ईसा पूर्व से 1 ईसा पूर्व तक) जब भारत में [[पालि भाषा|पालीभाषा]] प्रचलित थी, [[गोपाल]] शब्द को संशोधित किया गया था एवं गोपाल' शब्द को 'गोआल' में बदल दिया गया और आगे संशोधन करके इसे '[[ग्वाला|ग्वाल]]' का रूप दे दिया गया। एक अज्ञात कवि ने एक श्लोक में इसका उपयुक्त वर्णन किया है कि "गोपालन के कारण [[यादव]] '[[गोप]]' कहलाते हैं, और 'गोपाल' कहलाने के बाद, वे '[[ग्वाला|ग्वाल]]' कहलाते हैं।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh|last=Soni|first=Lok Nath|date=2000|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture|isbn=978-81-85579-57-3|language=en|quote=Abhira Kshatriyas were named Gope when they protected the cows, and Gopal when they tended and grazed the cows. 23 In the period (from 500 B.C. to 1 B.C.) when the Pali language was prevalent in India, the word 'Gopal was modified to 'Goal' and by further modification it took the form of Gwal. This has been aptly described by an unknown poet 24 in a verse that" due to rearing cattle, the Yadav are called ' Gope', and after being called' Gopal', they are called' Gwal' (Singh, 1945).}}</ref>


==इन्हें भी देखें==
==इन्हें भी देखें==

04:25, 15 जून 2023 का अवतरण

ग्वाला (संस्कृत: गोपाल) भारत में यादव (अहीर) जाति का पर्याय है।[1][2][3][4] अहीरों मे प्रमुखत: तीन वर्ग है- ग्वालावंश, यदुवंश तथा नंदवंश।[5][6][7][8][9][10]

व्युत्पत्ति

ग्वाला/ग्वाल शब्द का अर्थ गोपाल या "गायों का रक्षक" होता है, अमरकोश, एक प्राचीन संस्कृत पाठ उन्हें आभीर के पर्याय के रूप में मानता है।[11][12][13][14]

यादव (अहीर) क्षत्रियों को गायों की रक्षा व पालन के कारण गोप व गोपाल की संज्ञा दी गयी। उस अवधि में (500 ईसा पूर्व से 1 ईसा पूर्व तक) जब भारत में पालीभाषा प्रचलित थी, गोपाल शब्द को संशोधित किया गया था एवं गोपाल' शब्द को 'गोआल' में बदल दिया गया और आगे संशोधन करके इसे 'ग्वाल' का रूप दे दिया गया। एक अज्ञात कवि ने एक श्लोक में इसका उपयुक्त वर्णन किया है कि "गोपालन के कारण यादव 'गोप' कहलाते हैं, और 'गोपाल' कहलाने के बाद, वे 'ग्वाल' कहलाते हैं।[15]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

  1. ↑ People of India: pt.1-2 West Bengal (अंग्रेज़ी में). Anthropological Survey of India. 1992. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-85579-09-2.
  2. ↑ Sinhā, Mīnākshī (1993). Mithilā ke Yādava. Mahārājā Lakshmīśvara Siṃha Risarca Sosāiṭī.
  3. ↑ Swartzberg, Leon (1979). The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market (अंग्रेज़ी में). Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-208-3039-4.
  4. ↑ Soni, Lok Nath (2000). The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh (अंग्रेज़ी में). Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-85579-57-3.
  5. ↑ अग्रवाल, रामनारायण (1981). ब्रज का रास रंगमंच. नेशनल पब्लिशिंग हाउस.
  6. ↑ Shyam Singh Shashi, Siddalingaswami Gurulingashastrigalu Hiremath,, Lākhana Siṃha (1993). Sāmājika vijñāna Hindī viśvakośa, Volume 1. Kitāba Ghara. पृ॰ 309. मूल से 6 मार्च 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 28 फ़रवरी 2016.सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू चिह्न (link) सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Soni, Lok Nath (2000). The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh (अंग्रेज़ी में). Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-85579-57-3.
  8. ↑ Russell, Robert Vane (2020-09-28). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II) (अंग्रेज़ी में). Library of Alexandria. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-4655-8294-2.
  9. ↑ Brockington, J. L. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics (अंग्रेज़ी में). BRILL. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-90-04-10260-6.
  10. ↑ Yadav, J. N. Singh (2001). Yadavas of South India (अंग्रेज़ी में). Yadava Publications.
  11. ↑ Kumar, Vijay (2005). Baby Names for Boys (अंग्रेज़ी में). Lotus Press. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-901912-3-4.
  12. ↑ Yadav, J. N. Singh (2001). Yadavas of South India (अंग्रेज़ी में). Yadava Publications.
  13. ↑ Enthoven, Reginald Edward (1990). The Tribes and Castes of Bombay (अंग्रेज़ी में). Asian Educational Services. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-206-0630-2.
  14. ↑ Landis, Dan; Albert, Rosita D. (2012-02-14). Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives (अंग्रेज़ी में). Springer Science & Business Media. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-4614-0448-4.
  15. ↑ Soni, Lok Nath (2000). The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh (अंग्रेज़ी में). Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-85579-57-3. Abhira Kshatriyas were named Gope when they protected the cows, and Gopal when they tended and grazed the cows. 23 In the period (from 500 B.C. to 1 B.C.) when the Pali language was prevalent in India, the word 'Gopal was modified to 'Goal' and by further modification it took the form of Gwal. This has been aptly described by an unknown poet 24 in a verse that" due to rearing cattle, the Yadav are called ' Gope', and after being called' Gopal', they are called' Gwal' (Singh, 1945).
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