ज़िम्मी

इस्लाम में ध़िम्मी (अरबी: ذمي‎, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈðɪmːiː]; समूह में أهل الذمة, हिन्दी लिप्यान्तरण: अह्ल अल-ध़िम्माह; उस्मानी तुर्की, फ़ारसी, उर्दू इत्यादि में ذمی ज़िम्मी) उस व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों के समूह को कहते हैं जिन्हें कुछ कानूनी संरक्षण और प्रतिबंध प्राप्त होते थे। इस शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ “संरक्षित व्यक्ति” होता है, जो शरीअत के अंतर्गत राज्य की उस जिम्मेदारी को दर्शाता है जिसके अनुसार राज्य व्यक्ति के जीवन, संपत्ति तथा धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा करता था। इसके बदले में उस व्यक्ति को राज्य के प्रति निष्ठावान रहना और “जिज्या” कर अदा करना पड़ता था, जबकि मुस्लिम प्रजा “ज़कात” देती थी। ज़िम्मियों (धिम्मियों) को हथियार रखने की अनुमति नहीं थी, इसलिए वे सैन्य सेवा नहीं करते थे और उन्हें वे विशेषाधिकार भी प्राप्त नहीं थे जो विशेष रूप से मुसलमानों के लिए निर्धारित थे। हालांकि, संपत्ति, अनुबंध और दायित्व संबंधी कानूनों के अंतर्गत उन्हें कुछ अधिकार प्राप्त थे।^[1]^[2]

ज़िम्मी क़ानूनी संरक्षण के साथ इस्लामी हुकूमत में रहने वाले काफ़िरों के लिए एक ऐतिहासिक शब्द है। ^[3] ^[4] ^:470 इस शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ है "संरक्षित व्यक्ति", ^[5] इसके विपरीत, राज्य के प्रति वफ़ादारी और जज़िया कर के भुगतान के बदले में व्यक्ति के जीवन, सम्पत्ति, साथ ही धर्म की स्वतन्त्रता की रक्षा करने के लिए शरिया के तहत राज्य के दायित्व का जिक्र है। मुस्लिम प्रजा द्वारा दी जाने वाली ज़कात या अनिवार्य भिक्षा के लिए। ^[6] ज़िम्मी को विशेष रूप से मुसलमानों को सौंपे गए कुछ कर्तव्यों से छूट दी गई थी यदि वे चुनाव कर का भुगतान करते थे, किन्तु अन्यथा सम्पत्ति, अनुबन्ध और दायित्व के क़ानूनों के तहत समान थे। ^[7] ^[8]

इन्हें भी देखें

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

विकिसूक्ति पर धिम्मी से सम्बन्धित उद्धरण हैं।

सन्दर्भ

↑ The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of La civilisation des Arabes) writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, p. 179. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199359363.
↑ Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 204. ISBN 978-0061189036. According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.
↑ .
↑ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF) (अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. मूल से (PDF) से 2 August 2019 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 22 December 2017.
↑ "Definition of DHIMMI". www.merriam-webster.com.
↑ Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press. pp. 218–219. A Dhimmi is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law. The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual, including the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire, and a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat.
↑ H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.
↑ Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 204. ISBN 978-0061189036. According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

विकिसूक्ति पर धिम्मी से सम्बन्धित उद्धरण हैं।

[1] The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of La civilisation des Arabes) writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, p. 179. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199359363.

[2] Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 204. ISBN 978-0061189036. According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.

[Campo-3] .

[Modarresi-4] Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF) (अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. मूल से (PDF) से 2 August 2019 को पुरालेखित।. अभिगमन तिथि: 22 December 2017.

[5] "Definition of DHIMMI". www.merriam-webster.com.

[6] Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press. pp. 218–219. A Dhimmi is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law. The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual, including the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire, and a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat.

[7] H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.

[8] Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 204. ISBN 978-0061189036. According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.

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