तैमूरी राजवंश

तैमूरी साम्राज्य
ایران و توران
	तैमूरी साम्राज्य ; ایران و توران
	अमीरात
	राष्ट्रिय ध्येय; "راستى رستى"; ("सदाचार में ही मोक्ष निहित है")
	तैमूरी साम्राज्य का मानचित्र में स्थान तैमूर के शासनकाल के समय तैमूरी साम्राज्य
राजधानी	समरक़ंद (1370 – 1405); हेरात (1405 – 1507);
भाषाएँ	फ़ारसी (आधिकारिक); चग़ताई; अरबी (धार्मिक);
धार्मिक समूह	सुन्नी इस्लाम (आधिकारिक); शिया इस्लाम; पारसी धर्म; हिन्दू धर्म; ईसाई धर्म;
शासन	संपूर्ण राजतंत्र
	अमीर
ऐतिहासिक युग	उत्तर मध्ययुग
	क्षेत्रफल
मुद्रा	टाका
पूर्ववर्ती	अनुगामी
	सुनहरा उर्दू
	उस्मानी साम्राज्य
	दिल्ली सल्तनत
	ममलूक सल्तनत
	चग़ताई ख़ानत
	जॉर्जिया राज्य
	सूफ़ी राजवंश
	जलायिर राजवंश
	कर्त राजवंश
	मुज़फ़्फ़री राजवंश
	सरबदार
	मराशी राजवंश
	अफ़रासियाब राजवंश
	मेहरबानी राजवंश
बुख़ारा ख़ानत
सफ़वी साम्राज्य
ख़ीवा ख़ानत
क़ारा कोयुनलू
अक़ कोयुनलू
मुग़ल साम्राज्य
Mulk-e-Tanol

तैमूरी राजवंश (फ़ारसी: ایران و توران), स्वयंभू तुर्की-मंगोल नस्ल का एक सुन्नी मुसलमान साम्राज्य था जिसने मध्य एशिया और उत्तरी भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के विस्तृत इलाक़ों पर राज किया। अपने चरम पर इसके साम्राज्य में समस्त ईरान, अफ़्ग़ानिस्तान और उज़बेकिस्तान के साथ-साथ पाकिस्तान, उत्तर भारत, आनातोलिया, कॉकस और मेसोपोटामिया के बड़े भूभाग शामिल थे। इस राजवंश की नीव १४वीं शताब्दी ईसवी में तैमूरलंग नामक आक्रामक और विजेता ने रखी थी।^[7] १६वीं सदी में उज़बेकिस्तान की फ़रग़ना वादी से भारत पर आक्रमण करके मुग़ल सलतनत की स्थापना करने वाले बाबर भी इसी तैमूरी राजवंश का हिस्सा था। क्योंकि तैमूरलंग को अक्सर 'अमीर तैमूर' कहा जाता था इसलिए इस राजघराने के वंशज अपने नामों में अक्सर 'मिर्ज़ा' जोड़ लिया करते थे जो 'अमीरज़ादा' (यानि 'अमीर का पुत्र') का संक्षिप्त रूप है।^[8]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

↑
- Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, p.109. ISBN 0-521-63384-2. Limited preview गूगल बुक्स पर. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'divan' was Persian."
- B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Publishers 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."
- Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". Encyclopaedia Iranica. अभिगमन तिथि: 2017-09-14. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...
- Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, E.J. Brill 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.
- David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."
↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; homelanguage नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; EI - Manz2 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. आईएसएसएन 1076-156X. अभिगमन तिथि: 2016-09-14.
↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3). p. 500. डीओआई:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. जेस्टोर 2600793.
↑ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience (अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में). Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
↑ Timurids in transition: Turko-Persian politics and acculturation in Medieval Iran, Maria Subtelny, BRILL, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16031-6
↑ Central Asian heritage in the Mughal polity, Mansura Haidar, Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Department of History, Jamia Millia Islamia (India), Aakar Books, 2003, ISBN 978-81-87879-11-4, ... Mirza Abdul Qadir explains the term 'Mirza' as superior to the status of 'shahzada' since the word Mirza is an abbreviation of amirzada ...

[1] 
Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, p.109. ISBN 0-521-63384-2. Limited preview गूगल बुक्स पर. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'divan' was Persian."

B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Publishers 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."

Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". Encyclopaedia Iranica. अभिगमन तिथि: 2017-09-14. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...

Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, E.J. Brill 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.

David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."

[2] Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, p.109. ISBN 0-521-63384-2. Limited preview गूगल बुक्स पर. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'divan' was Persian."

[3] B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Publishers 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."

[4] Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". Encyclopaedia Iranica. अभिगमन तिथि: 2017-09-14. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...

[5] Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, E.J. Brill 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.

[6] David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."

[homelanguage-2] सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; homelanguage नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।

[EI_-_Manz2-3] सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; EI - Manz2 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।

[4] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. आईएसएसएन 1076-156X. अभिगमन तिथि: 2016-09-14.

[5] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3). p. 500. डीओआई:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. जेस्टोर 2600793.

[OxfordArea-6] Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience (अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में). Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.

[ref10codez-7] Timurids in transition: Turko-Persian politics and acculturation in Medieval Iran, Maria Subtelny, BRILL, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16031-6

[ref68gugav-8] Central Asian heritage in the Mughal polity, Mansura Haidar, Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Department of History, Jamia Millia Islamia (India), Aakar Books, 2003, ISBN 978-81-87879-11-4, ... Mirza Abdul Qadir explains the term 'Mirza' as superior to the status of 'shahzada' since the word Mirza is an abbreviation of amirzada ...

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