उच्च पिछड़ी जाति
उच्च पिछड़ी जाति (Upper Backward Caste) एक शब्द है जिसका उपयोग बिहार में मध्यम जातियों का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है, जिनकी सामाजिक और अनुष्ठानिक स्थिति बहुत कम नहीं थी और जो अतीत में पारंपरिक रूप से कृषि और पशुपालन संबंधी गतिविधियों में शामिल रही हैं। वे कुछ हद तक निम्न स्तर के व्यापार में भी शामिल रहे हैं। कोइरी, कुर्मी,यादव को अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग समूह के बीच उच्च-पिछड़े के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है;[1] जबकि अन्य जाति समूह जो ओबीसी का गठन करते हैं, एक समूह जिसमें बिहार राज्य की 51% आबादी शामिल है। निचले पिछड़े के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। उच्च-पिछड़े जिन्हें उच्च ओबीसी भी कहा जाता है, बिहार की लगभग 20.3% आबादी का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं। [2][3][4][5][6] ये कृषि जातियाँ राज्य में 1950 के दशक में चलाए गए भूमि सुधार अभियान के सबसे बड़े लाभार्थी थे और उन्होंने सीलिंग कानूनों के तहत अतिरिक्त भूमि का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा हासिल करके अपनी आर्थिक स्थिति को मजबूत किया, जिसने एक निश्चित सीमा से ऊपर भूमि के स्वामित्व पर रोक लगा दी। .[7][8]
'उच्च ओबीसी' शब्द तकनीकी रूप से बिहार के पिछड़े वर्गों पर मुंगेरी लाल आयोग की रिपोर्ट के अनुबंध- II में शामिल जातियों से मेल खाता है, जबकि निम्न ओबीसी शब्द अत्यंत पिछड़े वर्गों से मेल खाता है जो उसके अनुबंध- I में शामिल थे। विशेष रिपोर्ट.[6][9]
सन्दर्भ[संपादित करें]
- ↑ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar (अंग्रेज़ी में). Anthem Press.
- ↑ Carolyn Brown Heinz (3 June 2013). Peter Berger; Frank Heidemann (संपा॰). The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory. Routledge. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-134-06118-1.
The four dominant high caste groups (the forward castes)-Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha-together constitute about 12 percent of the population. These are the old elite, from whose numbers came the major zamindars and land owning castes. The so-called Backward castes consisting of about half the population of Bihar, were further classified soon after independence into Upper Backward and Lower Backwards(Blair 1980). The upper backwards – Bania, Yadav, Kurmi and Koiri – constitute about 19 percent of the population, and now include most of the rising Kulak class of successful peasants who have acquired land, adopted improved agricultural technology, and become a powerful force in Bihar politics. This is true, above all, of the Yadavas. The lower backwards are shudra castes such as Barhi, Dhanuk, Kahar, Kumhar, Lohar, Mallah, Teli etc, about 32 percent of the population. The largest components of the scheduled castes(14 percent) are the Dusadh, Chamar, and Musahar, the Dalit groups who are in many parts of the statelocked in struggles for land and living wages and living wages with the rich peasants and landlords of the forward and upper backward castes
- ↑ George J. Kunnath (2017). Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution in Bihar. Routledge. पृ॰ 31. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-351-41874-4. अभिगमन तिथि 23 February 2021.
- ↑ Backward Classes Commission (1981). Report of Backward Class Commission. Controller of Publications, 1981. अभिगमन तिथि 23 February 2021.
Among the upper backward castes, the Yadavas and Kurmis had begun to organise themselves along the caste lines during the first decade of this century (Rao, 1979) . The All – India Yadav Mahasabha has its headquarters at Patna, and the Bihari Yadavas, along with their counterparts in ... The political fall out of the Yadava, Kurmi and Koeri movements were, however, limited in the beginning
- ↑ Ishwari Prasad (1986). Reservation, Action for Social Equality. Criterion Publications. अभिगमन तिथि 23 February 2021.
Here we are concerned only with upper backwards which have four castes ; Yadav (11.0 per cent), Koeri (4.0 per cent), Kurmi (3.5 per cent) and Bania (0.6 per cent) .
- ↑ अ आ Christophe Jaffrelot; Sanjay Kumar, संपा॰ (2012). Rise of the Plebeians,The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies. Routledge. पृ॰ 66. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-136-51661-0. अभिगमन तिथि 23 February 2021.
- ↑ Anand Vardhan, संपा॰ (24 October 2020). "Caste, land and quotas: A history of the plotting of social coalitions in Bihar till 2005". newslaundary. मूल से 23 February 2021 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 23 February 2021.
- ↑ Kunnath, George (2018). Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ... New york: Taylor and Francis group. पृ॰ 38. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-138-09955-5. अभिगमन तिथि 29 May 2020.
However, the greatest beneficiaries of the abolition of the zamindars and the introduction of the various land-reform legislation in the 1950s were members of a substantial class of mediumsized owner cultivators, many of whom belonged to the upper layers of backward castes, mostly the yadav, kurmi, koeri. They gained additional land as a result of partitions, transfers and sales of surplus land by zamindars. It is estimated that during this period, 'control over at least 10 percent of land passed into the hands of the middle peasantry' from the landlords. (prasad1979:483).
- ↑ "(Monograph 01/2013) Subaltern Resurgence, A Reconnaissance of Panchayat Election in Bihar" (PDF). Asian Development Research Institute. मूल (PDF) से 3 March 2021 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 3 March 2021.
Even in the Panchayat Election of 1978 itself, that was held no less than twenty-three years ago, there was visible shift in the political centre of gravity. Karpoori Thakur, the then Chief Minister, had implemented the Mungeri Lall Commission Report, which entailed reservation in the state government jobs, for the lower backwards (Annexure I castes) and the upper backwards (Annexure II castes) in Bihar