लघुगणकीय सर्वसमिकाओं की सूची

मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से


गणित में लघुगणक से संबन्धित बहुत सी सर्वसमिकाएँ हैं-

बीजगणितीय सर्वसमिकाएँ[संपादित करें]

सरल संक्रियाएँ (Using simpler operations)[संपादित करें]

Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding.

because
because
because
because
because
because

Where , , and are positive real numbers and . Both and are real numbers.

स्वयंस्पष्ट सर्वसमिकाएँ (Trivial identities)[संपादित करें]

because
because

Note that is undefined because there is no number such that . In fact, there is a vertical asymptote on the graph of at .

घातों का कैंसिल होना (Canceling exponentials)[संपादित करें]

Logarithms and exponentials (antilogarithms) with the same base cancel each other. This is true because logarithms and exponentials are inverse operations (just like multiplication and division or addition and subtraction).

आधार परिवर्तन (Changing the base)[संपादित करें]

This identity is needed to evaluate logarithms on calculators. For instance, most calculators have buttons for ln and for log10, but not for log2. To find log2(3), one must calculate log10(3) / log10(2) (or ln(3)/ln(2), which yields the same result).

उपपत्ति[संपादित करें]

Let .
Then .
Take on both sides:
Simplify and solve for :
Since , then

This formula has several consequences:


where is any permutation of the subscripts 1, ..., n. For example

संकलन/ब्यकलन (Summation/subtraction)[संपादित करें]

The following summation/subtraction rule is especially useful in probability theory when one is dealing with a sum of log-probabilities:

which gives the special cases:

Note that in practice and have to be switched on the right hand side of the equations if . Also note that the subtraction identity is not defined if since the logarithm of zero is not defined.

More generally:

where .

घात (Exponents)[संपादित करें]

A useful identity involving exponents:

कैलकुलस की सर्वसमिकाएँ[संपादित करें]

सीमा[संपादित करें]

The last limit is often summarized as "logarithms grow more slowly than any power or root of x".

लघुगणकीय फलनों के अवकलज (Derivatives)[संपादित करें]

Where , , and .

समाकलन परिभाषा (Integral definition)[संपादित करें]

लघुगणकीय फलनों के समाकल (Integrals)[संपादित करें]

To remember higher integrals, it's convenient to define:

Then,

बड़ी संख्याओं का सन्निकटीकरण (Approximating large numbers)[संपादित करें]

The identities of logarithms can be used to approximate large numbers. Note that logb(a) + logb(c) = logb(ac), where a, b, and c are arbitrary constants. Suppose that one wants to approximate the 44th Mersenne prime, 232,582,657 − 1. To get the base-10 logarithm, we would multiply 32,582,657 by log10(2), getting 9,808,357.09543 = 9,808,357 + 0.09543. We can then get 109,808,357 × 100.09543 ≈ 1.25 × 109,808,357.

Similarly, factorials can be approximated by summing the logarithms of the terms.

समिश्र लघुगणकीय सर्वसमिकाएँ (Complex logarithm identities)[संपादित करें]

The complex logarithm is the complex number analogue of the logarithm function. No single valued function on the complex plane can satisfy the normal rules for logarithms. However a multivalued function can be defined which satisfies most of the identities. It is usual to consider this as a function defined on a Riemann surface. A single valued version called the principal value of the logarithm can be defined which is discontinuous on the negative x axis and equals the multivalued version on a single branch cut.

परिभाषाएँ[संपादित करें]

The convention will be used here that a capital first letter is used for the principal value of functions and the lower case version refers to the multivalued function. The single valued version of definitions and identities is always given first followed by a separate section for the multiple valued versions.

ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r.
Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (-π, π].
Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function, its value is restricted to (-π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x+iy)= atan2(y, x).

The multiple valued version of log(z) is a set but it is easier to write it without braces and using it in formulas follows obvious rules.

log(z) is the set of complex numbers v which satisfy ev = z
arg(z) is the set of possible values of the arg function applied to z.

When k is any integer:

नियतांक (Constants)[संपादित करें]

Principal value forms:

Multiple value forms, for any k an integer:

संकलन[संपादित करें]

Principal value forms:

Multiple value forms:

घात[संपादित करें]

A complex power of a complex number can have many possible values.

Principal value form:

Multiple value forms:

Where k1, k2 are any integers:

tt

इन्हें भी देखें[संपादित करें]

सन्दर्भ[संपादित करें]

बाहरी कड़ियाँ[संपादित करें]