ऊर्जा के परिमाण की कोटि

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इस सूची में विभिन्न प्रणालियों में निहित ऊर्जा (जूल में) को परिमाण की कोटि के क्रम में व्यवस्थित किया गया है।

10−34 to 10−1 J[संपादित करें]

ऊर्जा के परिमाणों की कोटियाँ
गुणक (जूल) एस आई प्री-फिक्स मान प्रणाली
10−34   6.626×10−34 J १ हर्ट्ज आवृत्ति वाले एक फोटॉन की ऊर्जा[1]
10−33   2×10−33 J Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached, 100 picokelvins 1999 के अनुसार [2]
10−28   6.6×10−28 J Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[3]
10−24 Yocto- (yJ) 1.6×10−24 J Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[4][5]
10−23   2×10−23 J Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[6][7]
10−22   2-3000×10−22 J Energy of infrared light photons[8]
10−21 Zepto- (zJ) 1.7×10−21 J 1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[9]
2.1×10−21 J Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[10]
2.856×10−21 J By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information
3–7×10−21 J Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV)[11][12]
4.1×10−21 J The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[13]
7–22×10−21 J Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[11][14]
10−20   4.5×10−20 J Upper bound of the mass-energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[15][16]
10−19   1.6×10−19 J ≈1 electronvolt (eV)[17]
3–5×10−19 J Energy range of photons in visible light[18][19]
3–14×10−19 J Energy of a covalent bond (2–9 eV)[11][20]
5–200×10−19 J Energy of ultraviolet light photons[8]
10−18 Atto- (aJ)    
10−17   2-2000×10−17 J Energy range of X-ray photons[8]
10−16      
10−15 Femto- (fJ) 3 * 10−15 J Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[21][22][23]
10−14   1×10−14 J Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[24][25][26]
> 2×10−14 J Energy of gamma ray photons[8]
2.7×10−14 J Upper bound of the mass-energy of a muon neutrino[27][28]
8.2×10−14 J Rest mass-energy of an electron[29]
10−13   1.6×10−13 J 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[30]
10−12 Pico- (pJ) 2.3×10−12 J Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by D-T fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[31][32]
10−11   3.4×10−11 J Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[33][34]
10−10   1.5030×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a proton[35]
1.505×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a neutron[36]
1.6×10−10 J 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[37]
3×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a deuteron[38]
6×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of an alpha particle[39]
7×10−10 J Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[40]
10−9 Nano- (nJ) 1.6×10−9 J 10 GeV[41]
8×10−9 J Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[42][43]
10−8   1.3×10−8 J Mass-energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[44][45]
1.5×10−8 J Mass-energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[46][47]
1.6×10−8 J 100 GeV[48]
2×10−8 J Mass-energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[49]
6.4×10−8 J Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[50][51]
10−7   1×10−7 J ≡ 1 erg[52]
1.6×10−7 J 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[53] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[54]
10−6 Micro- (µJ) 1.04×10−6 J Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[55][56]
10−5      
10−4      
10−3 Milli- (mJ)    
10−2 Centi- (cJ)    
10−1 Deci- (dJ) 1.1×10−1 J Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[57][58]

1 to 106 J[संपादित करें]

100 J 1 J ≡ 1 N·m (Newton–metre)
1 J ≡ 1 W·s (Watt-second)
1 J Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[59]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[60]
1 J Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1-degree Celsius[61]
1.4 J ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[52]
4.184 J ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[52]
4.1868 J ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[62]
8 J Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[63][64]
101 Deca- (daJ) 5×101 J The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected[65] was most likely a single proton traveling only slightly slower than the speed of light.[66]
102 1×102 J Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor (100–400 µF @ 330 V)[67][68]
3×102 J Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[69]
3×102 J Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[70][71][72]
3.3×102 J Energy to melt 1 g of ice[73]
> 3.6×102 J Kinetic energy of 800 g[74] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[75] by elite javelin throwers[76]
5–20×102 J Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[77]
6×102 J Kinetic energy of 2 kg[78] standard men's discus thrown at 24.4 m/s[कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें] by the world record holder Jürgen Schult[79]
6×102 J Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1-minute
7.5×102 J A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[52]
7.8×102 J Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[80] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/s[कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें] by the world record holder Randy Barnes[81]
8.01×102 J Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above earth (or any planet with earth gravity)
103 Kilo- (kJ) 1.1×103 J ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[52]
1.4×103 J Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[82]
1.8×103 J Kinetic energy of M16 rifle bullet (5.56×45mm NATO M855, 4.1 g fired at 930 m/s)[83]
2.3×103 J Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[84]
3×103 J Lorentz force can crusher pinch[85]
3.4×103 J Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[86] thrown at 30.7 m/s[87] in 1986)[88]
3.6×103 J ≡ 1 W·h (Watt-hour)[52]
4.2×103 J Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[52][89]
4.2×103 J ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie)
~7×103 J Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[90]
9×103 J Energy in an alkaline AA battery[91]
104   1.7×104 J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[92] or protein[93]
3.8×104 J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[94]
4–5×104 J Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[95]
5×104 J Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[96]
105   3×105 J—15×105 J Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[97] at 89 km/h or 55 mph)[98]
5×105 J Kinetic energy of 1 gram of a meteor hitting Earth[99]
106 Mega- (MJ) 1×106 J Kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[97] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[100]
1.2×106 J Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[101]
3.6×106 J = 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[52]
4.2×106 J Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[52][89]
8.4×106 J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[102][103]

107 to 1012 J[संपादित करें]

107   1×107 J Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the assault guns of the ISU-152 tank[104][कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें]
1.1×107 J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[102][105]
3.7×107 J $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[106][107][108]
4×107 J Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[109]
4.2×107 J Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[110]
6.3×107 J Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[111]
108   1×108 J Kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)[कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें]
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[52]
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[112] ridden at 5 W/kg[113] by a 65 kg rider[114]
7.3×108 J ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)[कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें]
109 Giga- (GJ) 1–10×109 J Energy in an average lightning bolt[115] (thunder)
1.1×109 J Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[116]
1.2×109 J Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s)
1.4x109 J Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[117][118]
2x109 J Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car.[95][119][120]
2×109 J Planck energy, the unit of energy in Planck units[121]
3×109 J Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s)
3.3×109 J Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[122][123]
4.2×109 J Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT.
4.5×109 J Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[124][125]
6.1×109 J ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[126]
1010   2.3×1010 J Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 562 knots or 289 m/s)[कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें]
4.2×1010 J ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[126]
5×1010 J Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[127][128]
7.3×1010 J Energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[129][130][131]
8.6×1010 J ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants[132]
8.8×1010 J Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[33][34][133]
1011   2.4×1011 J Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[134]
1012 Tera- (TJ) 3.4×1012 J Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[135] of Jet A-1[136])[137]
3.6×1012 J 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[138]
4×1012 J Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[139] thermal efficiency of reactor[140][141]
6.4×1012 J Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[142] of Jet A-1[136])[143]

1013 to 1018 J[संपादित करें]

1013   1.1×1013 J Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[144] of Jet A-1[136])[145]
1.2×1013 J Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[146] at 7.7 km/s[147])[148]
6.3×1013 J Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[149][150]
9×1013 J Theoretical total mass-energy of 1 gram of matter[151]
1014   3.75×1014 J Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor.[152]
6×1014 J Energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second[153]
1015 Peta- (PJ) > 1015 J Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[154]
1×1015 J Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[155][156]
4.2×1015 J Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[52][157]
1016   1×1016 J Estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor Crater[कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें]
1.1×1016 J Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[155][158]
9×1016 J Mass-energy in 1 kilogram of antimatter (or matter)[159]
1017   1×1017 J Energy released on the Earth's surface by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[160]
1.7×1017 J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[161]
2.1×1017 J Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[162][163]
4.2×1017 J Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[155][164]
4.5×1017 J Approximate energy needed to accelerate one ton to one-tenth of the speed of light
8×1017 J Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[165][166]
1018 Exa- (EJ) 1.4×1018 J Yearly electricity consumption of South Korea as of 2009[155][167]

1019 to 1024 J[संपादित करें]

1019   1.4×1019 J Yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[155][168]
1.4×1019J Yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[169][170]
5×1019 J Energy released in 1-day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[153]
6.4×1019 J Yearly electricity consumption of the world 2008 के अनुसार [171][172]
6.8×1019 J Yearly electricity generation of the world 2008 के अनुसार [171][173]
1020   5x1020 J Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[174][175]
8×1020 J Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[176][177][178][179]
1021 Zetta- (ZJ) 6.9×1021 J Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[174][180]
7.9×1021 J Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[174][181]
1022   1.5×1022J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[161][182]
2.4×1022 J Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[174][183]
2.9×1022 J Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[176]
3.9×1022 J Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[174][184]
4×1022 J Estimated total energy released by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[185]
1023  
2.2×1023 J Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[176]
5×1023 J Approximate energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[186]
1024 Yotta- (YJ) 5.5×1024 J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[161][187]

> 1025 J[संपादित करें]

1025   6×1025 J Energy released by a typical solar flare
1026   1.3×1026 J Conservative estimate of the energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury[कृपया उद्धरण जोड़ें]
3.8×1026 J Total energy output of the Sun each second[188]
1027      
1028   3.8×1028 J Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[189][190]
1029   2.1×1029 J Rotational energy of the Earth[191][192][193]
1030   1.8×1030 J Gravitational binding energy of Mercury
1031   3.3×1031 J Total energy output of the Sun each day[188][194]
1032   2×1032 J Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[195]
1033   2.7×1033 J Earth's kinetic energy in its orbit[196]
1034   1.2×1034 J Total energy output of the Sun each year[188][197]
1039   6.6×1039 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Moon
1041   5.4×1041 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Earth[198][199]
6.87×1041 J Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[200]
1043   5×1043 J Total energy of all gamma rays in a typical gamma-ray burst[201][202]
1044   1–2×1044 J Estimated energy released in a supernova,[203] sometimes referred to as a foe
1.2×१०44 J Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun.
1045   1.1±0.2×१०45 J Brightest observed hypernova ASASSN-15lh[204]
few times×1045 J Beaming-corrected 'True' total energy (Energy in gamma rays+relativistic kinetic energy) of hyper-energetic Gamma Ray Burst[205][206][207][208][209]
1046   1×1046 J Estimated energy released in a hypernova[210]
1047   1.8×1047 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Sun[211][212]
5.4×1047 J Mass-energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO[213]
8.8×1047 J GRB 080916C - the most powerful Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) ever recorded - total 'apparent'/isotropic (not corrected for beaming) energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the sun’s mass turned to energy.[214]
1053   6x1053 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[215]
1054   3x1054 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[216]
1055   1055 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421
1058   4×1058 J Visible mass-energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[217][218]
1059   1×1059 J Total mass-energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[219][220]
1062   1–2×1062 J Total mass-energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[221]
1069   4×1069 J Estimated total mass-energy of the observable universe[222]


इन्हें भी देखें[संपादित करें]

टिप्पणी[संपादित करें]

  1. ↑ "Planck's constant | physics | Britannica.com". britannica.com. मूल से 3 मई 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016.
  2. ↑ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1E-10 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-33 J
  3. ↑ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 1e6 Hz = 6.6e-28 J. In eV: 6.6e-28 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.1e-9 eV.
  4. ↑ "Frequency of a Microwave Oven". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 26 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 नवम्बर 2011.
  5. ↑ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 2.45e8 Hz = 1.62e-24 J. In eV: 1.62e-24 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.0e-5 eV.
  6. ↑ "Boomerang Nebula boasts the coolest spot in the Universe". JPL. मूल से 27 अगस्त 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011.
  7. ↑ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-23 J
  8. ↑ अ आ इ ई "Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy". Imagine the Universe. NASA. मूल से 16 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 नवम्बर 2011.
  9. ↑ Calculated: 1e3 J / 6.022e23 entities per mole = 1.7e-21 J per entity
  10. ↑ Calculated: 1.381e-23 J/K * 298.15 K / 2 = 2.1e-21 J
  11. ↑ अ आ इ "Bond Lengths and Energies". Chem 125 notes. UCLA. मूल से 23 अगस्त 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011.
  12. ↑ Calculated: 2 to 4 kJ/mol = 2e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 3.3e-21 J. In eV: 3.3e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.02 eV. 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.04 eV.
  13. ↑ Ansari, Anjum. "Basic Physical Scales Relevant to Cells and Molecules". Physics 450. मूल से 1 एप्रिल 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011.
  14. ↑ Calculated: 4 to 13 kJ/mol. 4 kJ/mol = 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.042 eV. 13 kJ/mol = 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 2.2e-20 J. In eV: 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.13 eV.
  15. ↑ Thomas, S.; Abdalla, F.; Lahav, O. (2010). "Upper Bound of 0.28 eV on Neutrino Masses from the Largest Photometric Redshift Survey". Physical Review Letters. 105 (3): 031301. arXiv:0911.5291. PMID 20867754. डीओआइ:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.031301. बिबकोड:2010PhRvL.105c1301T.
  16. ↑ Calculated: 0.28 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.5e-20 J
  17. ↑ "CODATA Value: electron volt". NIST. मूल से 3 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  18. ↑ "BASIC LAB KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS". मूल से 15 मई 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011. Visible wavelengths are roughly from 390 nm to 780 nm
  19. ↑ Calculated: E = h * c / lambda. E_780_nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (780e-9 m) = 2.5e-19 J. E_390 _nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (390e-9 m) = 5.1e-19 J
  20. ↑ Calculated: 50 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 3.47e-19 J. (3.47e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 2.2 eV.) and 200 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 1.389e-18 J. (7.64e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 8.68 eV.)
  21. ↑ Phillips, Kevin; Jacques, Steven; McCarty, Owen (2012). "How much does a cell weigh?". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. 109. डीओआइ:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.118105. मूल से 29 अगस्त 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अगस्त 2017. Roughly 27 picograms
  22. ↑ Bob Berman. "Our Bodies' Velocities, By the Numbers". मूल से 21 अगस्त 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2016. The [...] blood [...] flow[s] at an average speed of 3 to 4 mph
  23. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 27e-12 g * (3.5 miles per hour)^2 = 3e-15 J
  24. ↑ "Physics of the Body" (PDF). Notre Dame. मूल (PDF) से 6 नवम्बर 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2016.. "The eardrum is a [...] membran[e] with an area of 65 mm2."
  25. ↑ "Intensity and the Decibel Scale". Physics Classroom. मूल से 20 अगस्त 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2016.
  26. ↑ Calculated: two eardrums ≈ 1 cm2. 1e-6 W/m2 * 1e-4 m2 * 1 s = 1e-14 J
  27. ↑ Thomas J Bowles (2000). P. Langacker (संपा॰). Neutrinos in physics and astrophysics: from 10–33 to 1028 cm: TASI 98 : Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1–26 June 1998. World Scientific. पृ॰ 354. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-981-02-3887-2. मूल से 3 दिसंबर 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 11 नवम्बर 2011. an upper limit ov m_v_u < 170 keV
  28. ↑ Calculated: 170e3 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 2.7e-14 J
  29. ↑ "electron mass energy equivalent". NIST. मूल से 5 अगस्त 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  30. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  31. ↑ Muller, Richard A. (2002). "The Sun, Hydrogen Bombs, and the physics of fusion". मूल से 2 एप्रिल 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011. The neutron comes out with high energy of 14.1 MeV
  32. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  33. ↑ अ आ "Energy From Uranium Fission". HyperPhysics. मूल से 28 अक्टूबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 8 नवम्बर 2011.
  34. ↑ अ आ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  35. ↑ "proton mass energy equivalent". NIST. मूल से 10 सितम्बर 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  36. ↑ "neutron mass energy equivalent". NIST. मूल से 19 अगस्त 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  37. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  38. ↑ "deuteron mass energy equivalent". NIST. मूल से 5 अगस्त 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  39. ↑ "alpha particle mass energy equivalent". NIST. मूल से 5 अगस्त 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  40. ↑ Calculated: 7e-4 g * 9.8 m/s2 * 1e-4 m
  41. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  42. ↑ Myers, Stephen. "The LEP Collider". CERN. मूल से 18 जून 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011. the LEP machine energy is about 50 GeV per beam
  43. ↑ Calculated: 50e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 8e-9 J
  44. ↑ "W". PDG Live. Particle Data Group. मूल से 17 जुलाई 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  45. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  46. ↑ Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; Band, H.; Barnett, R.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Bloch, P.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Caso, C.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M. -C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; d'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; De Gouvêa, A.; Degrand, T. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎". Physics Letters B. 667: 1–6. डीओआइ:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. बिबकोड:2008PhLB..667....1A. मूल से 12 जुलाई 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अगस्त 2017.
  47. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  48. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  49. ↑ ATLAS; CMS (26 मार्च 2015). "Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass in pp Collisions at √s=7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS Experiments". arXiv:1503.07589.
  50. ↑ Adams, John. "400 GeV Proton Synchrotron". Excertp from the CERN Annual Report 1976. CERN. मूल से 26 अक्टूबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011. A circulating proton beam of 400 GeV energy was first achieved in the SPS on 17 June 1976
  51. ↑ Calculated: 400e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 6.4e-8 J
  52. ↑ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ क "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST. मूल से 29 जनवरी 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011. 1.355818
  53. ↑ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  54. ↑ "Chocolate bar yardstick". मूल से 26 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 जनवरी 2014. A TeV is actually a very tiny amount of energy. A popular analogy is to a flying mosquito.
  55. ↑ "First successful beam at record energy of 6.5 TeV". मूल से 26 एप्रिल 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 28 एप्रिल 2015.
  56. ↑ Calculated: 6.5e12 eV per beam * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.04e-6 J
  57. ↑ "Coin specifications". United States Mint. मूल से 18 फ़रवरी 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2 नवम्बर 2011. 11.340 g
  58. ↑ Calculated: m*g*h = 11.34e-3 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1.1e-1 J
  59. ↑ "Apples, raw, with skin (NDB No. 09003)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. मूल से 3 मार्च 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 8 दिसंबर 2011.
  60. ↑ Calculated: m*g*h = 1e-1 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1 J
  61. ↑ "Specific Heat of Dry Air". Engineering Toolbox. मूल से 5 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2 नवम्बर 2011.
  62. ↑ "Footnotes". NIST Guide to the SI. NIST. मूल से 7 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  63. ↑ "Physical Motivations". ULTRA Home Page (EUSO project). Dipartimento di Fisica di Torino. मूल से 9 फ़रवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 नवम्बर 2011.
  64. ↑ Calculated: 5e19 eV * 1.6e-19 J/ev = 8 J
  65. ↑ "The Fly's Eye (1981–1993)". HiRes. मूल से 15 अगस्त 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011.
  66. ↑ Bird, D. J. (मार्च 1995). "Detection of a cosmic ray with measured energy well beyond the expected spectral cutoff due to cosmic microwave radiation". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 441, no. 1, p. 144-150. बिबकोड:1995ApJ...441..144B. अभिगमन तिथि 14 फ़रवरी 2014. Cite journal requires |journal= (मदद)
  67. ↑ "Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Electronic Flash Units and Strobe Lights and Design Guidelines, Useful Circuits, and Schematics". मूल से 19 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 8 दिसंबर 2011. The energy storage capacitor for pocket cameras is typically 100 to 400 uF at 330 V (charged to 300 V) with a typical flash energy of 10 W-s.
  68. ↑ "Teardown: Digital Camera Canon PowerShot |". electroelvis.com. 2 सितम्बर 2012. मूल से 1 अगस्त 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 6 जून 2013.
  69. ↑ "Ionizing Radiation". General Chemistry Topic Review: Nuclear Chemistry. Bodner Research Web. मूल से 9 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011.
  70. ↑ "Vertical Jump Test". Topend Sports. मूल से 24 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011. 41–50 cm (males) 31–40 cm (females)
  71. ↑ "Mass of an Adult". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 6 मई 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011. 70 kg
  72. ↑ Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m*g*h = 70 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 40e-2 m = 274 J
  73. ↑ "Latent Heat of Melting of some common Materials". Engineering Toolbox. मूल से 7 जुलाई 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 जून 2013. 334 kJ/kg
  74. ↑ "Javelin Throw – Introduction". IAAF. मूल से 6 जून 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011.
  75. ↑ Young, Michael. "Developing Event Specific Strength for the Javelin Throw" (PDF). मूल (PDF) से 13 अगस्त 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011. For elite athletes, the velocity of a javelin release has been measured in excess of 30m/s
  76. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 0.8 kg * (30 m/s)^2 = 360 J
  77. ↑ Greenspun, Philip. "Studio Photography". मूल से 29 सितम्बर 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011. Most serious studio photographers start with about 2000 watts-seconds
  78. ↑ "Discus Throw – Introduction". IAAF. मूल से 22 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011.
  79. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 2 kg * (24.4 m/s)^2 = 595.4 J
  80. ↑ "Shot Put – Introduction". IAAF. मूल से 25 अक्टूबर 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011.
  81. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (14.7 m/s)^2 = 784 J
  82. ↑ Kopp, G.; Lean, J. L. (2011). "A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 38: n/a. डीओआइ:10.1029/2010GL045777. बिबकोड:2011GeoRL..38.1706K. मूल से 26 जुलाई 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अगस्त 2017.
  83. ↑ "Intermediate power ammunition for automatic assault rifles". Modern Firearms. World Guns. मूल से 10 अगस्त 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011.
  84. ↑ "Fluids - Latent Heat of Evaporation". Engineering Toolbox. मूल से 4 जुलाई 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 जून 2013. 2257 kJ/kg
  85. ↑ powerlabs.org – The PowerLabs Solid State Can Crusher! Archived 2017-08-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2002
  86. ↑ "Hammer Throw – Introduction". IAAF. मूल से 22 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011.
  87. ↑ Otto, Ralf M. "HAMMER THROW WR PHOTOSEQUENCE – YURIY SEDYKH" (PDF). मूल (pdf) से 13 अगस्त 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011. The total release velocity is 30.7 m/sec
  88. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (30.7 m/s)^2 = 3420 J
  89. ↑ अ आ 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * (1 ton/1e6 grams) = 4.2e3 J/gram of TNT-equivalent
  90. ↑ ".458 Winchester Magnum" (pdf). Accurate Powder. Western Powders Inc. मूल से 28 सितम्बर 2007 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि 7 सितम्बर 2010.
  91. ↑ "Battery energy storage in various battery sizes". AllAboutBatteries.com. मूल से 4 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 दिसंबर 2011.
  92. ↑ "Energy Density of Carbohydrates". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 26 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011.
  93. ↑ "Energy Density of Protein". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 26 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011.
  94. ↑ "Energy Density of Fats". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 26 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011.
  95. ↑ अ आ "Energy Density of Gasoline". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 26 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011.
  96. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e-3 kg) * (1e4 m/s)^2 = 5e4 J.
  97. ↑ अ आ "List of Car Weights". LoveToKnow. मूल से 4 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011. 3000 to 12000 pounds
  98. ↑ Calculated: Using car weights of 1 ton to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0e5 J. E = 1/2 * (5e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15e5 J.
  99. ↑ Muller, Richard A. "Kinetic Energy in a meteor". Old Physics 10 notes. मूल से 2 एप्रिल 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अगस्त 2017.
  100. ↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * 2e3 kg * (32 m/s)^2 = 1.0e6 J
  101. ↑ "Candies, MARS SNACKFOOD US, SNICKERS Bar (NDB No. 19155)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. मूल से 3 मार्च 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011.
  102. ↑ अ आ "How to Balance the Food You Eat and Your Physical Activity and Prevent Obesity". Healthy Weight Basics. National Heart Lung and Blood Institutde. मूल से 8 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011.
  103. ↑ Calculated: 2000 food calories = 2.0e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 8.4e6 J
  104. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 * m * v^2 = 1/2 * 48.78 kg * (655 m/s)^2 = 1.0e7 J.
  105. ↑ Calculated: 2600 food calories = 2.6e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 1.1e7 J
  106. ↑ "Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970–2009". Annual Energy Review. US Energy Information Administration. 19 अक्टूबर 2011. मूल से 14 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 17 दिसंबर 2011. $28.90 per million BTU
  107. ↑ Calculated J per dollar: 1 million BTU/$28.90 = 1e6 BTU / 28.90 dollars * 1.055e3 J/BTU = 3.65e7 J/dollar
  108. ↑ Calculated cost per kWh: 1 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh / 3.65e7 J/dollar = 0.0986 dollar/kWh
  109. ↑ "Energy in a Cubic Meter of Natural Gas". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 26 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 दिसंबर 2011.
  110. ↑ "The Olympic Diet of Michael Phelps". WebMD. मूल से 26 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 28 दिसंबर 2011.
  111. ↑ Cline, James E. D. "Energy to Space". मूल से 25 सितम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011. 6.27E7 Joules / Kg
  112. ↑ "Tour de France Winners, Podium, Times". Bike Race Info. मूल से 7 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011.
  113. ↑ "Watts/kg". Flamme Rouge. मूल से 2 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  114. ↑ Calculated: 90 hr * 3600 seconds/hr * 5 W/kg * 65 kg = 1.1e8 J
  115. ↑ Smith, Chris. "How do Thunderstorms Work?". The Naked Scientists. मूल से 27 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 नवम्बर 2011. It discharges about 1–10 billion joules of energy
  116. ↑ "Powering up ATLAS's mega magnet". Spotlight on... CERN. मूल से 30 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011. magnetic energy of 1.1 Gigajoules
  117. ↑ "ITP Metal Casting: Melting Efficiency Improvement" (PDF). ITP Metal Casting. U.S. Department of Energy. मूल से 28 जून 2009 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011. 377 kWh/mt
  118. ↑ Calculated: 380 kW-h * 3.6e6 J/kW-h = 1.37e9 J
  119. ↑ Bell Fuels. "Lead-Free Gasoline Material Safety Data Sheet". NOAA. मूल से 20 अगस्त 2002 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 6 जुलाई 2008.
  120. ↑ thepartsbin.com – Volvo Fuel Tank: Compare at The Parts Bin[मृत कड़ियाँ], 6 May 2012
  121. ↑
  122. ↑ "Power of a Human Heart". The Physics Factbook. मूल से 26 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011. The mechanical power of the human heart is ~1.3 watts
  123. ↑ Calculated: 1.3 J/s * 80 years * 3.16e7 s/year = 3.3e9 J
  124. ↑ "U.S. Household Electricity Uses: A/C, Heating, Appliances". U.S. HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY REPORT. EIA. मूल से 23 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011. For refrigerators in 2001, the average UEC was 1,239 kWh
  125. ↑ Calculated: 1239 kWh * 3.6e6 J/kWh = 4.5e9 J
  126. ↑ अ आ Energy Units Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, by Arthur Smith, 21 January 2005
  127. ↑ "Top 10 Biggest Explosions". Listverse. मूल से 5 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011. a yield of 11 tons of TNT
  128. ↑ Calculated: 11 tons of TNT-equivalent * 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent = 4.6e10 J
  129. ↑ "Emission Facts: Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks". EPA. मूल से 2 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011. 581 gallons of gasoline
  130. ↑ "200 Mile-Per-Gallon Cars?". मूल से 19 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011. a gallon of gas ... 125 million joules of energy
  131. ↑ Calculated: 581 gallons * 125e6 J/gal = 7.26e10 J
  132. ↑ Calculated: 1e6 Watts * 86400 seconds/day = 8.6e10 J
  133. ↑ Calculated: 3.44e-10 J/U-235-fission * 1e-3 kg / (235 amu per U-235-fission * 1.66e-27 amu/kg) = 8.82e-10 J
  134. ↑ Calculated: 2000 kcal/day * 365 days/year * 80 years = 2.4e11 J
  135. ↑ "A330-300 Dimensions & key data". Airbus. मूल से 22 जनवरी 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011. 97530 litres
  136. ↑ अ आ इ "Archived copy" (PDF). मूल (PDF) से 8 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2011.सीएस1 रखरखाव: Archived copy as title (link)
  137. ↑ Calculated: 97530 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 3.38e12 J
  138. ↑ Calculated: 1e9 Watts * 3600 seconds/hour
  139. ↑ Weston, Kenneth. "Chapter 10. Nuclear Power Plants" (PDF). Energy Conversion. मूल (pdf) से 5 अक्टूबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011. The thermal efficiency of a CANDU plant is only about 29%
  140. ↑ "CANDU and Heavy Water Moderated Reactors". मूल से 16 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011. fuel burnup in a CANDU is only 6500 to 7500 MWd per metric ton uranium
  141. ↑ Calculated: 7500e6 Watt-days/tonne * (0.020 tonnes per bundle) * 86400 seconds/day = 1.3e13 J of burnup energy. Electricity = burnup * ~29% efficiency = 3.8e12 J
  142. ↑ "747 Classics Technical Specs". Boeing. मूल से 10 दिसंबर 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011. 183,380 L
  143. ↑ Calculated: 183380 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 6.36e12 J
  144. ↑ "A380-800 Dimensions & key data". Airbus. मूल से 8 जुलाई 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011. 320,000 L
  145. ↑ Calculated: 320,000 l * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15  MJ/kg = 11.1e12 J
  146. ↑ "International Space Station: The ISS to Date". NASA. मूल से 11 जून 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 23 अगस्त 2011.
  147. ↑ "The wizards of orbits". European Space Agency. मूल से 3 दिसंबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011. The International Space Station, for example, flies at 7.7 km/s in one of the lowest practicable orbits
  148. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v2 = 1/2 * 417000 kg * (7700m/s)2 = 1.2e13 J
  149. ↑ "What was the yield of the Hiroshima bomb?". Warbird's Forum. मूल से 13 सितम्बर 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011. 21 kt
  150. ↑ Calculated: 15 kt = 15e9 grams of TNT-equivalent * 4.2e3 J/gram TNT-equivalent = 6.3e13 J
  151. ↑ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  152. ↑ "JPL - Fireballs and bolides". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. मूल से 14 मार्च 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 13 एप्रिल 2017.
  153. ↑ अ आ "How much energy does a hurricane release?". FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES. NOAA. मूल से 2 नवम्बर 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 नवम्बर 2011.
  154. ↑ "The Gathering Storms". COSMOS. मूल से 4 एप्रिल 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011.
  155. ↑ अ आ इ ई उ "Country Comparison :: Electricity – consumption". The World Factbook. CIA. मूल से 28 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 11 दिसंबर 2011.
  156. ↑ Calculated: 288.6e6 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.04e15 J
  157. ↑ Calculated: 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * 1e6 tons/megaton = 4.2e15 J/megaton of TNT-equivalent
  158. ↑ Calculated: 3.02e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.09e16 J
  159. ↑ Calculated: E = mc^2 = 1 kg * (2.998e8 m/s)^2 = 8.99e16 J
  160. ↑ "USGS Energy and Broadband Solution". National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. मूल से 4 एप्रिल 2010 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011.
  161. ↑ अ आ इ The Earth has a cross section of 1.274×1014 square meters and the solar constant is 1361 watts per square meter.
  162. ↑ "The Soviet Weapons Program – The Tsar Bomba". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. मूल से 18 जून 2018 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  163. ↑ Calculated: 50e6 tons TNT-equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton TNT-equivalent = 2.1e17 J
  164. ↑ Calculated: 115.6e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 4.16e17 J
  165. ↑ Alexander, R. McNeill (1989). Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants. Columbia University Press. पृ॰ 144. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-231-06667-8. मूल से 3 दिसंबर 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अगस्त 2017. the explosion of the island volcano Krakatoa in 1883, had about 200 megatonnes energy.
  166. ↑ Calculated: 200e6 tons of TNT equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT equivalent = 8.4e17 J
  167. ↑ Calculated: 402e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.45e17 J
  168. ↑ Calculated: 3.741e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.347e19 J
  169. ↑ "United States". The World Factbook. USA. मूल से 9 जनवरी 2008 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 11 दिसंबर 2011.
  170. ↑ Calculated: 3.953e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.423e19 J
  171. ↑ अ आ "World". The World Factbook. CIA. मूल से 15 मार्च 2018 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 11 दिसंबर 2011.
  172. ↑ Calculated: 17.8e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.41e19 J
  173. ↑ Calculated: 18.95e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.82e19 J
  174. ↑ अ आ इ ई उ "Statistical Review of World Energy 2011" (PDF). BP. मूल (PDF) से 2 सितम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011.
  175. ↑ Calculated: 12002.4e6 tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 5.0e20 J
  176. ↑ अ आ इ "Global Uranium Resources to Meet Projected Demand | International Atomic Energy Agency". iaea.org. मूल से 5 अगस्त 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016.
  177. ↑ "U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Generation". मूल से 17 अगस्त 2000 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अगस्त 2017.
  178. ↑ "U.S. EIA International Energy Outlook 2007". eia.doe.gov. मूल से 23 मई 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016.
  179. ↑ Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020.
  180. ↑ Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9e3 billion cubic feet * 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet * 1e6 tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9e21 J
  181. ↑ Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8e9 tonnes of oil * 42e9 J/tonne of oil = 7.9e21 J
  182. ↑ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 1.5e22 J
  183. ↑ Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938e6 tonnes of coal * (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4e22 J
  184. ↑ Calculated: natural gas + petroleum + coal = 6.9e21 J + 7.9e21 J + 2.4e22 J = 3.9e22 J
  185. ↑ "USGS, Harvard Moment Tensor Solution". National Earthquake Information Center. 26 दिसंबर 2004. मूल से 17 जनवरी 2010 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011.
  186. ↑ Bralower, Timothy J.; Charles K. Paull; R. Mark Leckie (एप्रिल 1998). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary cocktail: Chicxulub impact triggers margin collapse and extensive sediment gravity flows" (PDF). Geology. 26 (4): 331–334. डीओआइ:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0331:tctbcc>2.3.co;2. बिबकोड:1998Geo....26..331B. मूल (PDF) से 28 नवम्बर 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 6 जून 2013. The kinetic energy derived by the impact is estimated at ~5 × 10^30 ergs
  187. ↑ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 5.5e24 J
  188. ↑ अ आ इ "Ask Us: Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun". Cosmicopia. NASA. मूल से 6 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  189. ↑ "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA. मूल से 23 मार्च 2010 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 16 दिसंबर 2011.
  190. ↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * m * v^2. v = 1.023e3 m/s. m = 7.349e22 kg. KE = 1/2 * (7.349e22 kg) * (1.023e3 m/s)^2 = 3.845e28 J.
  191. ↑ "Moment of Inertia—Earth". Eric Weisstein's World of Physics. मूल से 3 फ़रवरी 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011.
  192. ↑ Allain, Rhett. "Rotational energy of the Earth as an energy source". .dotphysics. Science Blogs. मूल से 17 नवम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011. the Earth takes 23.9345 hours to rotate
  193. ↑ Calculated: E_rotational = 1/2 * I * w^2 = 1/2 * (8.0e37 kg m^2) * (2*pi/(23.9345 hour period * 3600 seconds/hour))^2 = 2.1e29 J
  194. ↑ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day = 3.3e31 J
  195. ↑ "Earth's Gravitational Binding Energy". मूल से 17 मार्च 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 मार्च 2012. Variable Density Method: the Earth's gravitational binding energy is −1.711×10^32 J
  196. ↑ "DutchS/pseudosc/flipaxis". uwgb.edu. मूल से 22 अगस्त 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016.
  197. ↑ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day * 365.25 days/year = 1.2e34 J
  198. ↑ "Earth: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. मूल से 19 एप्रिल 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 29 सितम्बर 2011.
  199. ↑ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  200. ↑
    Chandrasekhar, S. 1939, An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (Chicago: U. of Chicago; reprinted in New York: Dover), section 9, eqs. 90–92, p. 51 (Dover edition)
    Lang, K. R. 1980, Astrophysical Formulae (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 272
  201. ↑ Frail, D. A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Sari, R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Bloom, J. S.; Galama, T. J.; Reichart, D. E.; Berger, E.; Harrison, F. A.; Price, P. A.; Yost, S. A.; Diercks, A.; Goodrich, R. W.; Chaffee, F. (2001). "Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 562: L55. arXiv:astro-ph/0102282. डीओआइ:10.1086/338119. बिबकोड:2001ApJ...562L..55F. "the gamma-ray energy release, corrected for geometry, is narrowly clustered around 5 * 10^50 erg"
  202. ↑ Calculated: 5e50 erg * 1e-7 J/erg = 5e43 J
  203. ↑ Khokhlov, A.; Mueller, E.; Hoeflich, P.; Mueller; Hoeflich (1993). "Light curves of Type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 270 (1–2): 223–248. बिबकोड:1993A&A...270..223K.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)
  204. ↑ Dong, S.; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.- S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; एवं अन्य (15 जनवरी 2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova". Science. 351 (6270): 257–260. arXiv:1507.03010. PMID 26816375. डीओआइ:10.1126/science.aac9613. बिबकोड:2016Sci...351..257D.
  205. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.3885 Archived 2018-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
  206. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1004.2900 Archived 2018-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
  207. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.0690 Archived 2018-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
  208. ↑ url= http://tsvi.phys.huji.ac.il/presentations/Frail_AstroExtreme.pdf Archived 2014-08-01 at the Wayback Machine
  209. ↑ url= http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/mtgs/grb2010/tue/Dale_Frail.ppt Archived 2016-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
  210. ↑ "A Hypernova: The Super-charged Supernova and its link to Gamma-Ray Bursts". Imagine the Universe!. NASA. मूल से 19 अक्टूबर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011. With a power about 100 times that of the already astonishingly powerful "typical" supernova
  211. ↑ "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. मूल से 15 जुलाई 2010 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 अक्टूबर 2011.
  212. ↑ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  213. ↑ Abbott, B.; एवं अन्य (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Physical Review Letters. 116 (6): 061102. arXiv:1602.03837. PMID 26918975. डीओआइ:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. बिबकोड:2016PhRvL.116f1102A.
  214. ↑ "Fermi's record breaking gamma-ray burst". मूल से 21 अक्टूबर 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अगस्त 2017.
  215. ↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.0630 Archived 2018-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
  216. ↑ url= http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/625/1/L9/fulltext/19121.text.html
  217. ↑ Jim Brau. "The Milky Way Galaxy". मूल से 18 जून 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  218. ↑ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011.
  219. ↑ Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. डीओआइ:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. बिबकोड:2006Ap.....49....3K.
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  221. ↑ Einasto, M.; एवं अन्य (दिसंबर 2007). "The richest superclusters. I. Morphology". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (2): 697–711. arXiv:0706.1122. डीओआइ:10.1051/0004-6361:20078037. बिबकोड:2007A&A...476..697E.
  222. ↑ "Big Bang Energy". web.archive.org. मूल से 19 अगस्त 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016. नामालूम प्राचल |deadurl= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)

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