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{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Winter War
| conflict = विंटर वॉर
| partof = [[World War II]]
| partof = [[द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]]
| image = Winter war.jpg
| image = Winter war.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = विन्टर वार के समय एक फ़ीनिश मशिन गन क्रू
| caption = विन्टर वार के समय एक फ़ीनिश मशिनगन क्रू
| date = 30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=30|year1=1939|month2=03|day2=13|year2=1940}})
| date = 30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=30|year1=1939|month2=03|day2=13|year2=1940}})
| place = Eastern [[Finland]]
| place = पूर्वी [[फिनलैंड]]
| territory = Cession of the [[Gulf of Finland]] islands, [[Karelian Isthmus]], Ladoga [[Karelia]], [[Salla]], and [[Rybachy Peninsula]], and lease of [[Hanko]] to the Soviet Union
| territory = Cession of the [[Gulf of Finland]] islands, [[Karelian Isthmus]], Ladoga [[Karelia]], [[Salla]], and [[Rybachy Peninsula]], and lease of [[Hanko]] to the Soviet Union
| result = <!-- See talk page; wait for consensus before changing. -->[[Moscow Peace Treaty]]<br>(See [[Winter War#Aftermath and casualties|Aftermath]])
| result = <!-- See talk page; wait for consensus before changing. -->[[Moscow Peace Treaty]]<br>(See [[Winter War#Aftermath and casualties|Aftermath]])
पंक्ति 16: पंक्ति 16:
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Kyösti Kallio]]'''<br/> {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Risto Ryti]]<br/> {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]]'''
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Kyösti Kallio]]'''<br/> {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Risto Ryti]]<br/> {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]]'''
| strength2 = 425,000–760,000 soldiers{{refn|<ref name="Meltiukhov2000">[[#Meltiukhov2000|Meltiukhov (2000)]]: ch. 4, Table 10</ref> 550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March.<ref name="Krivo1997_63">[[#Krivo1997|Krivosheyev (1997)]], p. 63</ref> In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers<ref name="Kilin1999_383">[[#Kilin1999|Kilin (1999)]], p. 383</ref> and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.<ref>[[#Manninen1994|Manninen (1994)]], p. 43</ref> |group="F"}}<br/> 2,514–6,541 tanks{{refn|At the beginning of the war the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was [[T-26]], but also [[BT tank|BT]] type was very common.<ref name="Kanta1998_260">[[#Kanta1998|Kantakoski (1998)]], p. 260</ref>|group="F"}}<br />3,880 aircraft<ref>[[#Trotter2002|Trotter (2002)]], p. 187</ref>
| strength2 = 425,000–760,000 soldiers{{refn|<ref name="Meltiukhov2000">[[#Meltiukhov2000|Meltiukhov (2000)]]: ch. 4, Table 10</ref> 550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March.<ref name="Krivo1997_63">[[#Krivo1997|Krivosheyev (1997)]], p. 63</ref> In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers<ref name="Kilin1999_383">[[#Kilin1999|Kilin (1999)]], p. 383</ref> and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.<ref>[[#Manninen1994|Manninen (1994)]], p. 43</ref> |group="F"}}<br/> 2,514–6,541 tanks{{refn|At the beginning of the war the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was [[T-26]], but also [[BT tank|BT]] type was very common.<ref name="Kanta1998_260">[[#Kanta1998|Kantakoski (1998)]], p. 260</ref>|group="F"}}<br />3,880 aircraft<ref>[[#Trotter2002|Trotter (2002)]], p. 187</ref>
| strength1 = 300,000–340,000 सैनिक{{refn|युद्ध की शुरुआत में, फिन के पास 300,000 सैनिक थे। फिनिश सेना के पास केवल 250,028 राइफल थे (कुल 281,594 आग्नेयास्त्रों), लेकिन
| strength1 = 300,000–340,000 soldiers{{refn|At the beginning of the war, the Finns had 300,000 soldiers. The Finnish army had only 250,028 rifles (total 281,594 firearms), but [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guards]] brought their own rifles (over 114,000 rifles, total 116,800 firearms) to the war. The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.<ref name="Palo1999_299-300">[[#Palo1999|Palokangas (1999)]], pp. 299–300</ref><ref name="JK2005_83">[[#Juuti&Koski2005|Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005)]], p. 83</ref>|group="F"}}<br/>32 tanks{{refn|From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French [[Renault FT]] tanks and few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed [[Bunker#Pillbox|pillboxes]]. The Finns bought 32 British [[Vickers 6-Ton]] tanks during 1936–39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.<ref name="Palo1999_318">[[#Palo1999|Palokangas (1999)]], p. 318</ref>|group="F"}}<br/>114 aircraft{{refn|On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, not suitable for combat, or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve aircraft.<ref name="Peltonen">[[#Peltonen|Peltonen (1999)]]</ref>|group="F"}}
व्हाइट गार्डस (फिन सैनिकों का एक दस्ता) युद्ध के लिए अपनी राइफलें (114,000 से अधिक राइफलों, कुल 116,800 आग्नेयास्त्रों) स्वंय लाये। The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.<ref name="Palo1999_299-300">[[#Palo1999|Palokangas (1999)]], pp. 299–300</ref><ref name="JK2005_83">[[#Juuti&Koski2005|Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005)]], p. 83</ref>|group="F"}}<br/>32 tanks{{refn|From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French [[Renault FT]] tanks and few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed [[Bunker#Pillbox|pillboxes]]. The Finns bought 32 British [[Vickers 6-Ton]] tanks during 1936–39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.<ref name="Palo1999_318">[[#Palo1999|Palokangas (1999)]], p. 318</ref>|group="F"}}<br/>114 aircraft{{refn|On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, not suitable for combat, or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve aircraft.<ref name="Peltonen">[[#Peltonen|Peltonen (1999)]]</ref>|group="F"}}
| casualties2 = 126,875–167,976 dead or missing<ref name="Krivo1997_77-78">[[#Krivo1997|Krivosheyev (1997)]], pp. 77–78</ref><ref name="Kilin2007b_91">[[#Kilin2007b|Kilin (2007b)]], p. 91</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>[[#Petrov2013|Petrov (2013)]]</ref><br />188,671–207,538 wounded<ref name="Krivo1997_77-78"/><ref name="Kilin2007b_91" /><br />5,572 [[Soviet prisoners of war in Finland|captured]]<ref name="Manninen1999b_815">[[#Manninen1999b|Manninen (1999b)]], p. 815</ref><br />1,200–3,543 tanks<ref name="Kilin1999">[[#Kilin1999|Kilin (1999)]] p. 381</ref><ref name="Kanta1998_286">[[#Kanta1998|Kantakoski (1998)]], p. 286</ref><ref name="Manninen1999b_810-811">[[#Manninen1999b|Manninen (1999b)]], pp. 810–811</ref><br />261–515 aircraft<ref name="Manninen1999b_810-811"/><ref name="Kilin1999_381">[[#Kilin1999|Kilin (1999)]], p. 381</ref><br/>'''321,000–381,000 total casualties'''
| casualties1 = 25,904 मृत या अज्ञात<ref name="Kur&Lent2005">[[#Kur&Lent2005|Kurenmaa and Lentilä (2005)]], p. 1152</ref><br />43,557 आहत<ref name=autogenerated2>[[#Lent&Juuti1999|Lentilä and Juutilainen (1999)]], p. 821</ref><br />800–1,100 ्युद्ध बन्दी<ref name="Malmi1999_792">[[#Malmi1999|Malmi (1999)]], p. 792</ref><br/>20–30 tanks <br/>62 aircraft<ref name="Tillo1993_160"/><br/>'''70,000 कुल मृत'''
| casualties2 = 126,875–167,976 मृत या अज्ञात<ref name="Krivo1997_77-78">[[#Krivo1997|Krivosheyev (1997)]], pp. 77–78</ref><ref name="Kilin2007b_91">[[#Kilin2007b|Kilin (2007b)]], p. 91</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>[[#Petrov2013|Petrov (2013)]]</ref><br />188,671–207,538 आहत<ref name="Krivo1997_77-78"/><ref name="Kilin2007b_91" /><br />5,572 युद्ध बन्दी<ref name="Manninen1999b_815">[[#Manninen1999b|Manninen (1999b)]], p. 815</ref><br />1,200–3,543 टैंक<ref name="Kilin1999">[[#Kilin1999|Kilin (1999)]] p. 381</ref><ref name="Kanta1998_286">[[#Kanta1998|Kantakoski (1998)]], p. 286</ref><ref name="Manninen1999b_810-811">[[#Manninen1999b|Manninen (1999b)]], pp. 810–811</ref><br />261–515 युद्ध-विमान<ref name="Manninen1999b_810-811"/><ref name="Kilin1999_381">[[#Kilin1999|Kilin (1999)]], p. 381</ref><br/>'''321,000–381,000 कुल मृत'''
| casualties1 = 25,904 मृत या अज्ञात<ref name="Kur&Lent2005">[[#Kur&Lent2005|Kurenmaa and Lentilä (2005)]], p. 1152</ref><br />43,557 आहत<ref name=autogenerated2>[[#Lent&Juuti1999|Lentilä and Juutilainen (1999)]], p. 821</ref><br />800–1,100 युद्ध बन्दी<ref name="Malmi1999_792">[[#Malmi1999|Malmi (1999)]], p. 792</ref><br/>20–30 टैंक <br/>62 युद्ध-विमान<ref name="Tillo1993_160"/><br/>'''70,000 कुल मृत'''
}}
}}


'''विंटर वॉर'''{{refn|{{lang-fi|talvisota}}, {{lang-sv|vinterkriget}}, {{lang-rus|Зи́мняя война́|r=Zimnyaya voyna}}. '''सोवियत - फीनिश युद्ध 1939–1940''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940}}) एवं '''सोवियत - फ़िनलैण्ड युद्ध 1939–1940''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940}}) प्रायः रूसी इतिहास;<ref>[[#Baryshnikov2005|Baryshnikov (2005)]]</ref><ref>[[#Kovalyov2006|Kovalyov (2006)]]</ref><ref>[[#Shirokorad2001|Shirokorad (2001)]]</ref> '''रूसो-फीनिश युद्ध 1939–1940''' या '''फीनो-रूसी युद्ध 1939–1940''' तत्कालीन [[सोवियत संघ]] एवं [[फिनलैण्ड]] के बीच चला १९३९ से १९४० तक का साढ़े तीन माह लम्बा युद्ध था। यह युद्ध फिनलैण्ड पर द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के साढ़े तीन माह बाद ३० नवंबर १९३९ को सोवियत संघ द्वाआ फ़िनलैण्ड पर की गई चढ़आई से आरम्भ हुआ था और इसका अन्त मॉस्को शान्ति समझौते से १३ मार्च १९४० को हुआ था। The war began with the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, which was three months after the outbreak of [[World War II]], and ended with the [[Moscow Peace Treaty]] on 13 March 1940. The [[League of Nations]] deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the League.
'''विंटर वॉर''' ({{lang-fi|talvisota}}, {{lang-sv|vinterkriget}}, {{lang-rus|Зи́мняя война́|r=Zimnyaya voyna}}), '''सोवियत - फीनिश युद्ध 1939–1940''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940}}) एवं '''सोवियत - फ़िनलैण्ड युद्ध 1939–1940''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940}}) प्रायः रूसी इतिहास;<ref>[[#Baryshnikov2005|Baryshnikov (2005)]]</ref><ref>[[#Kovalyov2006|Kovalyov (2006)]]</ref><ref>[[#Shirokorad2001|Shirokorad (2001)]]</ref> '''रूसो-फीनिश युद्ध 1939–1940''' या '''फीनो-रूसी युद्ध 1939–1940''' तत्कालीन [[सोवियत संघ]] एवं [[फिनलैण्ड]] के बीच चला १९३९ से १९४० तक का साढ़े तीन माह लम्बा युद्ध था। यह युद्ध फिनलैण्ड पर द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के साढ़े तीन माह बाद ३० नवंबर १९३९ को सोवियत संघ द्वाआ फ़िनलैण्ड पर की गई चढ़आई से आरम्भ हुआ था और इसका अन्त मॉस्को शान्ति समझौते से १३ मार्च १९४० को हुआ था। The war began with the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, which was three months after the outbreak of [[World War II]], and ended with the [[Moscow Peace Treaty]] on 13 March 1940. The [[League of Nations]] deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the League.
<references group="F" />
<references group="F" />


==सन्दर्भ==

{{टिप्पणीसूची|2}}
[[श्रेणी:रूस के युद्ध]]
[[श्रेणी:रूस के युद्ध]]
[[श्रेणी:द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]]
[[श्रेणी:द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध]]

12:26, 21 मार्च 2018 का अवतरण

विंटर वॉर
द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध का भाग
Winter war.jpg
विन्टर वार के समय एक फ़ीनिश मशिनगन क्रू
तिथि 30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940
(3 माह, 1 सप्ताह और 6 दिन)
स्थान पूर्वी फिनलैंड
परिणाम Moscow Peace Treaty
(See Aftermath)
क्षेत्रीय
बदलाव 		Cession of the Gulf of Finland islands, Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia, Salla, and Rybachy Peninsula, and lease of Hanko to the Soviet Union
योद्धा
 Finland  Soviet Union
सेनानायक
फिनलैंड Kyösti Kallio
फिनलैंड Risto Ryti
फिनलैंड Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 		सोवियत संघ Joseph Stalin
सोवियत संघ Kirill Meretskov
सोवियत संघ Kliment Voroshilov
सोवियत संघ Semyon Timoshenko[F 1]
शक्ति/क्षमता
300,000–340,000 सैनिक[F 2]
32 tanks[F 3]
114 aircraft[F 4] 		425,000–760,000 soldiers[F 5]
2,514–6,541 tanks[F 6]
3,880 aircraft[14]
मृत्यु एवं हानि
25,904 मृत या अज्ञात[15]
43,557 आहत[16]
800–1,100 युद्ध बन्दी[17]
20–30 टैंक
62 युद्ध-विमान[18]
70,000 कुल मृत 		126,875–167,976 मृत या अज्ञात[19][20][21]
188,671–207,538 आहत[19][20]
5,572 युद्ध बन्दी[22]
1,200–3,543 टैंक[23][24][25]
261–515 युद्ध-विमान[25][26]
321,000–381,000 कुल मृत

विंटर वॉर (फ़िनिश: talvisota, स्वीडिश: vinterkriget, रूसी: Зи́мняя война́, अनु० Zimnyaya voyna), सोवियत - फीनिश युद्ध 1939–1940 (रूसी: Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940) एवं सोवियत - फ़िनलैण्ड युद्ध 1939–1940 (रूसी: Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940) प्रायः रूसी इतिहास;[27][28][29] रूसो-फीनिश युद्ध 1939–1940 या फीनो-रूसी युद्ध 1939–1940 तत्कालीन सोवियत संघ एवं फिनलैण्ड के बीच चला १९३९ से १९४० तक का साढ़े तीन माह लम्बा युद्ध था। यह युद्ध फिनलैण्ड पर द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के साढ़े तीन माह बाद ३० नवंबर १९३९ को सोवियत संघ द्वाआ फ़िनलैण्ड पर की गई चढ़आई से आरम्भ हुआ था और इसका अन्त मॉस्को शान्ति समझौते से १३ मार्च १९४० को हुआ था। The war began with the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, which was three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the League.

  1. ↑ Commander of the Leningrad Military District Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns.[1] The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as Stavka), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman), Nikolai Kuznetsov, Joseph Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov.[2][3] In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front." Semyon Timoshenko was chosen Army Commander to break the Mannerheim Line.[4]
  2. ↑ युद्ध की शुरुआत में, फिन के पास 300,000 सैनिक थे। फिनिश सेना के पास केवल 250,028 राइफल थे (कुल 281,594 आग्नेयास्त्रों), लेकिन व्हाइट गार्डस (फिन सैनिकों का एक दस्ता) युद्ध के लिए अपनी राइफलें (114,000 से अधिक राइफलों, कुल 116,800 आग्नेयास्त्रों) स्वंय लाये। The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.[5][6]
  3. ↑ From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French Renault FT tanks and few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed pillboxes. The Finns bought 32 British Vickers 6-Ton tanks during 1936–39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.[7]
  4. ↑ On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, not suitable for combat, or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve aircraft.[8]
  5. ↑ [9] 550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March.[10] In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers[11] and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.[12]
  6. ↑ At the beginning of the war the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was T-26, but also BT type was very common.[13]

सन्दर्भ

  1. ↑ Edwards (2006), p. 93
  2. ↑ Edwards (2006), p. 125
  3. ↑ Manninen (2008), p. 14
  4. ↑ Trotter (2002), p. 204
  5. ↑ Palokangas (1999), pp. 299–300
  6. ↑ Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005), p. 83
  7. ↑ Palokangas (1999), p. 318
  8. ↑ Peltonen (1999)
  9. ↑ Meltiukhov (2000): ch. 4, Table 10
  10. ↑ Krivosheyev (1997), p. 63
  11. ↑ Kilin (1999), p. 383
  12. ↑ Manninen (1994), p. 43
  13. ↑ Kantakoski (1998), p. 260
  14. ↑ Trotter (2002), p. 187
  15. ↑ Kurenmaa and Lentilä (2005), p. 1152
  16. ↑ Lentilä and Juutilainen (1999), p. 821
  17. ↑ Malmi (1999), p. 792
  18. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Tillo1993_160 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  19. ↑ अ आ Krivosheyev (1997), pp. 77–78
  20. ↑ अ आ Kilin (2007b), p. 91
  21. ↑ Petrov (2013)
  22. ↑ Manninen (1999b), p. 815
  23. ↑ Kilin (1999) p. 381
  24. ↑ Kantakoski (1998), p. 286
  25. ↑ अ आ Manninen (1999b), pp. 810–811
  26. ↑ Kilin (1999), p. 381
  27. ↑ Baryshnikov (2005)
  28. ↑ Kovalyov (2006)
  29. ↑ Shirokorad (2001)
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