लुप्तप्राय भाषा
दिखावट
दुनिया की ५०% से ज्यादा भाषाएँ, आठ देशो में स्तिथ हैं ( यह नक़्शे पर लाल रंग से द्योदक है ): भारत ब्राज़ील मेक्सिको, ऑस्ट्रेलिया , इंडोनेशिया, नाइजीरिया , पापुआ न्यू गिनी औr कैमरून। यह देश और इनके आस पास के क्षेत्र वह स्थान हैं जहाँ भाषाओँ की सबसे ज्यादा विविधता और विभिन्ता पायी जाती है ( यह नक़्शे पर नीले रंग से दर्शाई गयी है )
लुप्तप्राय भाषा वह भाषा होती है जो वर्तमान में अनुपयोग हो रही है और लुप्त होने के कगार पर है। ऐसी भाषा के विलुप्त होने के कुछ मुख्य कारण होते हैं जिनमें इस भाषा के लोगों की संख्या धीरे-धीरे कम हो रही हो, या इसके बोलने वाले लोग अपनी भाषा को छोड़ दूसरी भाषा को ग्रहण कर रहे हों। भाषा का विलुप्त पूरी तरह तब होती है जब उसका कोई भी बोलने वाला नहीं बचता और इस तरह वह पूर्ण रूप से विलुप्त और समाप्त हो जाती है। मानव इतिहास में कईं भाषाएँ विलुप्त हुई हैं परन्तु वर्तमान में भाषाओं का विलोपन बहुत शीघ्रता से हो रहा है। इसके प्रमुख कारण हैं: वैश्वीकरण और नव-उपनिवेशवाद। अधिकतर यूँ होता है की जब भौतिक रूप से प्रभावशाली और शक्तिशाली भाषाएँ दूसरी भाषाओँ पर अपना वर्चस्व साधती हैं, तब भौतिक रूप से निर्बल भाषाएँ विलुप्त हो जाती हैं।
अतिरिक्त अध्ययन
[संपादित करें]- Ahlers, Jocelyn C. (September 2012). "Special issue: gender and endangered languages". Gender and Language. 6 (2). Equinox. Archived from the original on 26 अप्रैल 2015. Retrieved 27 मार्च 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Abley, Mark (2003). Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages. London: Heinemann.
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- Evans, Nicholas (2001). "The Last Speaker is Dead – Long Live the Last Speaker!". In Newman, Paul; Ratliff, Martha (eds.). Linguistic Field Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–281..
- Hale, Kenneth; Krauss, Michael; Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Yamamoto, Akira Y.; Craig, Colette; Jeanne, LaVerne M. et al. 1992. Endangered Languages. Language, 68 (1), 1–42.
- Harrison, K. David. 2007. When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518192-1.
- McConvell, Patrick; Thieberger, Nicholas (2006). "Keeping Track of Language Endangerment in Australia". In Cunningham, Denis; Ingram, David; Sumbuk, Kenneth (eds.). Language Diversity in the Pacific: Endangerment and Survival. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 54–84. ISBN 1853598674.
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- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (गिलाड ज़ुकरमैन) (2020). Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776;
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बाहरी लिंक
[संपादित करें]![]() |
विकिसूक्ति पर Endangered languages से सम्बन्धित उद्धरण हैं। |
- "Endangered Languages at the युनेस्को official Website". Archived from the original on 9 अगस्त 2016. Retrieved 27 मार्च 2015.
- "Endangered Language Resources at the LSA". Archived from the original on 3 अगस्त 2013. Retrieved 27 मार्च 2015.
- Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity
- Endangered Languages Project
- Akasaka, Rio; Machael Shin; Aaron Stein (2008). "Endangered Languages: Information and Resources on Dying Languages". Endangered-Languages.com. Archived from the original on 24 नवंबर 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - "Bibliography of Materials on Endangered Languages". Yinka Déné Language Institute (YDLI). 2006. Archived from the original on 7 फ़रवरी 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- Constantine, Peter (2010). "Is There Hope for Europe's Endangered Native Tongues?". The Quarterly Conversation. Archived from the original on 24 जून 2010. Retrieved 27 मार्च 2015.
- "Endangered languages". SIL International. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 अक्तूबर 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
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(help) - Headland, Thomas N. (2003). "Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines" (pdf). Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 अप्रैल 2012. Retrieved 27 मार्च 2015.
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suggested) (help) - Malone, Elizabeth; Nicole Rager Fuller (2008). "A Special Report: Endangered Languages". National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 मार्च 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
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- "Winona LaDuke Speaks on Biocultural Diversity, Language and Environmental Endangerment". The UpTake. 2012-03-29. Archived from the original on 7 अगस्त 2015. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
संगघठन
[संपादित करें]- Linguistic Society of America
- Schola, Latin Language revival network
- Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project
- Documenting Endangered Languages, National Science Foundation
- Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States, (Savius.org)
- Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival
- Indigenous Language Institute
- Sorosoro
- Enduring Voices Project, National Geographic
- Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
- Endangered Language Alliance, New York City
- Google Endangered Languages Project
- DoBeS Documentation of endangered languages
- CILLDI, Canadian Indigenous Languages Literacy and Development Institute
प्रोद्योगिकी
[संपादित करें]- Recording your elder/Native speaker, practical vocal recording tips for non-professionals
- Learning indigenous languages on Nintendo
- Pointers on How to Learn Your Language (scroll to link on page)
- First Nations endangered languages chat applications
- Do-it-yourself grammar and reading in your language, Breath of Life 2010 presentations
- Linguistic Society of America
- Schola, Latin Language revival network
- Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project
- Documenting Endangered Languages, National Science Foundation
- Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States, (Savius.org)
- Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival
- Indigenous Language Institute
- Sorosoro
- Enduring Voices Project, National Geographic
- Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
- Endangered Language Alliance, New York City
- Google Endangered Languages Project
- DoBeS Documentation of endangered languages
- CILLDI, Canadian Indigenous Languages Literacy and Development Institute