विद्युत और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी की समयरेखा
पठन सेटिंग्स
नीचे विद्युत तथा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी के इतिहास में हुए अनुसंधानों की सूची नीचे दी गयी है।[1][2]
खोजों के इतिहास की समयरेखा[संपादित करें]
वर्ष | घटना |
---|---|
1600 | English scientist William Gilbert coined the word electricus after careful experiments. |
1705 | English scientist Francis Hauksbee made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand |
1720 | English scientist Stephen Gray discovered insulators and conductors |
1745 | German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented Leyden jars |
1752 | American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite, and explained how Leyden jars work |
1780 | Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered the Galvanic action in living tissue |
1783 | French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb formulated Coulomb's law |
1785 | French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace developed the Laplace transform to transform a linear differential equation to an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis. |
1800 | Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery |
1816 | English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph |
1820 | Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field |
1820 | One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist André-Marie Ampère published his law. He also proposed right-hand screw rule |
1821 | German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered thermoelectricity |
1825 | English physicist William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet |
1827 | German physicist Georg Ohm introduced the concept of electrical resistance |
1831 | English physicist Michael Faraday published the law of induction (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently) |
1831 | American scientist Joseph Henry in United States developed a prototype DC motor |
1832 | French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in France developed a prototype DC generator |
1833 | Michael Faraday developed laws of electrolysis |
1833 | Michael Faraday invented thermistor |
1833 | English Samuel Hunter Christie invented Wheatstone bridge (It is named after Charles Wheatstone who popularized it) |
1836 | Irish priest (and later scientist) Nicholas Callan invented transformer in Ireland |
1837 | English scientist Edward Davy invented the electric relay |
1839 | French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect |
1844 | American inventor Samuel Morse developed telegraphy and the Morse code |
1845 | German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed two laws now known as Kirchoff's Circuit laws |
1850 | Belgian engineer Floris Nollet invented (and patented) a practical AC generator |
1855 | First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne |
1856 | Belgian engineer Charles Bourseul proposed telephony |
1856 | First electrically powered light house in England |
1860 | German scientist Johann Philipp Reis invented Microphone |
1862 | Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published four equations bearing his name |
1866 | Transatlantic telegraph cable |
1873 | Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme who developed DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna. |
1876 | Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented electric carbon arc lamp |
1876 | Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone |
1877 | First street lighting in Paris, France |
1877 | American inventor Thomas Alva Edison invented phonograph |
1877 | German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed primitive loud speaker |
1878 | First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England |
1878 | English engineer Joseph Swan invented Incandescent light bulb |
1879 | American physicist Edwin Herbert Hall discovered Hall Effect |
1879 | Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long lasting filament for the incandescent lamp. |
1880 | French physicists Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity |
1882 | First thermal power stations in London and New York |
1883 | English physicist J J Thomson invented waveguides |
1887 | German American inventor Emile Berliner invented gramophone record |
1888 | German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved that electro magnetic waves travel over some distance. (First indication of radio communication) |
1888 | Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris publishes a paper on the induction motor and Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla gets a US patent on the same device[3][4] |
1890 | Thomas Alva Edison invented fuse |
1893 | During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago electrical units were defined |
1894 | Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov developed a prototype of a radio receiver |
1896 | First successful intercontinental telegram |
1897 | German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun invented cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) |
1900 | Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in first radio broadcast |
1901 | First transatlantic radio broadcast by Guglielmo Marconi |
1901 | American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt invented Fluorescent lamp |
1904 | English engineer John Ambrose Fleming invented diode |
1906 | American inventor Lee de Forest invented triode |
1908 | Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, laid the principles of Television. |
1911 | Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered Superconductivity |
1912 | American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong developed Electronic oscillator |
1915 | French phyisicist Paul Langevin and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented sonar |
1917 | American engineer Alexander M. Nicholson invented crystal oscillator |
1918 | French physicist Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch invented multivibrator |
1919 | Edwin Howard Armstrong developed standard AM radio receiver |
1921 | Metre Convention was extended to include the electrical units |
1925 | Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later) |
1926 | Yagi-Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda |
1927 | American engineer Harold Stephen Black invented negative feedback amplifier |
1927 | German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented Video camera tube |
1928 | First experimental Television broadcast in the US. |
1929 | First public TV broadcast in Germany |
1931 | First wind energy plant in the Soviet Union |
1936 | Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley developed FM detector circuit. |
1936 | Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented Printed circuit board |
1936 | Scottish Scientist Robert Watson-Watt developed the Radar concept which was proposed earlier. |
1938 | Russian American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed Iconoscope |
1939 | Edwin Howard Armstrong developed FM radio receiver |
1939 | Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US. |
1941 | German engineer Konrad Zuse developed the first programmable computer in Berlin |
1944 | Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird developed the first color picture tube |
1945 | Transatlantic telephone cable |
1947 | American engineers John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain together with their group leader William Shockley invented transistor. |
1948 | Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor invented Holography |
1950 | French physicist Alfred Kastler invented MASER |
1951 | First nuclear power plant in the US |
1953 | First fully transistorized computer in the US |
1958 | American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) |
1960 | American engineer Theodore Harold Maiman invented the LASER |
1962 | Nick Holonyak Jr. invented the LED |
1963 | First home Videocassette recorder (VCR) |
1963 | Electronic calculator |
2008 | American scientist Richard Stanley Williams invented memristor which was proposed by Leon O. Chua in 1971 |
सम्बन्धित खोजों की समयरेखा[संपादित करें]
इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी के इतिहास की समयरेखा | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
तिथि | खोज | खोजकर्ता | ||||||
1878 | कैथोड किरणें | क्रूक्स (Crookes) | ||||||
1895 | एक्स-किरण | रोएन्टजन | ||||||
1900 | Old quantum theory | Planck | ||||||
1905 | Theory of relativity | Einstein | ||||||
1918 | Atomic transmutation | Rutherford | ||||||
1932 | Neutron | Chadwick | ||||||
1932 | Particle accelerator | Crockcroft and Walton | ||||||
1935 | Scanning electron microscope | Knoll | ||||||
1937 | Xerography | Carlson | ||||||
1937 | Oscillograph | Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen | ||||||
1950 | Modem | MIT and Bell Labs | ||||||
1950 | Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic) | Karnaugh | ||||||
1952 | Digital voltmeter | Kay | ||||||
1954 | Solar battery | Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson | ||||||
1956 | Transatlantic telephone cable | UK and U.S. | ||||||
1957 | Sputnik I satellite | Soviet Union | ||||||
1957 | Nuclear Missile | Kurchatov / Soviet Union | ||||||
1957 | FORTRAN programming language | Watson Scientific | ||||||
1959 | First one-piece plain paper photocopier (Xerox 914) | Xerox | ||||||
1959 | Veroboard (Stripboard) | Terry Fitzpatrick | ||||||
1961 | Electronic clock | Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker in 1840. | ||||||
1963 | First commercially successful audio compact cassette | Philips Corporation | ||||||
1964 | BASIC programming language | Kemeny and Kurtz | ||||||
1964 | Liquid-crystal display | George H. Heilmeier | ||||||
1966 | Optical fiber communications | Kao and Hockham | ||||||
late 1960s | First digital fax machine | Dacom | ||||||
1969 | UNIX operating system | AT&T's Bell Labs | ||||||
1970 | First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) | Intel | ||||||
1970 | First commercially available DRAM memory | IBM | ||||||
1971 | EPROM | N/A | ||||||
1971 | PASCAL programming language | Wirth | ||||||
1971 | First microcomputer-on-a-chip | Texas Instruments | ||||||
1971 | Laser printer | Xerox | ||||||
1972 | 8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB) | Intel | ||||||
1972 | First programmable word processor | Automatic Electronic Systems | ||||||
1972 | 5¼-inch diskette | N/A | ||||||
1972 | First modern ATM machine (IBM 2984) | IBM | ||||||
1973 | Josephson junction | IBM | ||||||
1973 | Tunable continuous-wave laser | Bell Labs | ||||||
1973 | Ethernet | Metcalfe | ||||||
1973 | Mobile phone | John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola | ||||||
1974 | C (programming language) | Kernighan, Ritchie | ||||||
1974 | Programmable pocket calculator | Hewlett-Packard | ||||||
1975 | BASIC for personal computers | Allen | ||||||
1975 | First personal computer (Altair 8800) | Roberts | ||||||
1975 | Digital camera | Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak | ||||||
1975 | Integrated optical circuits | Reinhart and Logan | ||||||
1975 | Omni-font optical character recognition system | Nuance Communications | ||||||
1975 | CCD flatbed scanner | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
1975 | Text-to-speech synthesis | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
1975 | First commercial reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine) | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
1976 | Apple I computer | Wozniak, Jobs | ||||||
1977 | Launch of the "1977 trinity computers" expanding home computing, the Apple II, Commodore PET and the TRS-80 | Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
1977 | First handheld electronic game (Auto Race) | Mattel | ||||||
1978 | WordPerfect 1.0 | Satellite Software | ||||||
1980 | 3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) | N/A | ||||||
1980 | VIC-20 | Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
1981 | IBM Personal Computer (8088 processor) | IBM | ||||||
1981 | MS-DOS 1.0 | Microsoft | ||||||
1981 | "Wet" solar cell | Bayer AG | ||||||
1982 | Commodore 64 | Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
1982 | First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition | Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems | ||||||
1983 | Satellite television | U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc. | ||||||
1983 | First built-in hard drive (IBM PC XT) | IBM | ||||||
1983 | C++ (programming language) | Stroostrup | ||||||
1984 | Macintosh computer (introduced) | Apple Computer | ||||||
1984 | CD-ROM player for personal computers | Philips | ||||||
1984 | First music synthesizer (Kurzweil K250) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments | Kurzweil Music Systems | ||||||
1984 | Amiga computer (introduced) | Commodore | ||||||
1985 | 300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single optical fiber | AT&T, Bell Labs | ||||||
1987 | Warmer superconductivity | Karl Alex Mueller | ||||||
1987 | 80386 microprocessor (25 MHz) | Intel | ||||||
1989 | First commercial handheld GPS receiver (Magellan NAV 1000) | Magellan Navigation Inc. | ||||||
1989 | Silicon-germanium transistors | IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson | ||||||
1990 | 486 microprocessor (33 MHz) | Intel | ||||||
1993 | Weather Control Device / HAARP | U.S. | ||||||
1994 | Pentium processor, P5-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS) | Intel | ||||||
1994 | Bluetooth | Ericsson | ||||||
1994 | First DVD player ever made | Tatung Company | ||||||
1996 | Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz) | Digital Equipment | ||||||
1996 | P2SC processor (15 million transistors) | IBM |
सन्दर्भ[संपादित करें]
- ↑ Isaac Asimov:Biographical Encyclopedia of science and Engineering, London, 1975 ISBN 0-330-24323-3
- ↑ Elektrik Mühendisliği, s.259-260, Kemal İnan pp 245-263
- ↑ Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page 36. Books.google.com. मूल से 6 जुलाई 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2012-09-10.
- ↑ The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]