जन्तु या उससे उत्पन्न रोग का नाम |
लैटिन नाम (sorted) |
शरीर का प्रभावित अंग/भाग |
Diagnostic specimen |
Prevalence |
स्रोत/ प्रसार (Reservoir/ Vector) |
Babesiosis |
Babesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncani |
red blood cells |
Giemsa-stained thin blood smear |
New York, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket (different species have worldwide distribution) |
tick bites |
Balantidiasis |
Balantidium coli |
intestinal mucosa |
stool |
|
|
Blastocystosis |
Blastocystis |
intestinal |
direct microscopy of stool (PCR, anti body) |
2 - 20% of population |
eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal |
Coccidia |
Cryptosporidium |
intestines |
stool |
widespread |
|
Dientamoebiasis |
Dientamoeba fragilis |
intestines |
stool |
up to 10% in industrialized countries |
ingesting water or food contaminated with feces |
Amoebiasis |
Entamoeba histolytica |
Intestines |
stool |
areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions |
feco-oral transmission |
Giardia |
Giardia lamblia |
lumen of the small intestine |
stool |
widespread |
ingestion of dormant cysts in fecal contaminated water or food |
Isosporiasis |
Isospora belli |
epithelial cells of small intestines |
stool |
worldwide - less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium |
fecal oral route |
Leishmaniasis |
Leishmania |
cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral |
visual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain |
Visceral leishmaniasis- Worldwide; Cutaneous leishmaniasis - Old World; Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - New World |
Phlebotomus - bite of several species of nocturnal phlebotomus sandflies |
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)[1][2] |
Naegleria fowleri |
brain |
culture |
rare but deadly |
Nasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soil |
Malaria |
Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae |
red blood cells |
Blood film |
tropical - 250 million cases/year |
Anopheles mosquito, bites at night |
Rhinosporidiosis |
Rhinosporidium seeberi |
nose, nasopharynx |
reservoir water and soil |
India and Sri Lanka |
nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds |
Toxoplasmosis - Parasitic pneumonia |
Toxoplasma gondii |
eyes, brain, heart, liver |
blood and PCR |
widespread - up to one third of all humans |
ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old |
Trichomoniasis |
Trichomonas vaginalis |
female urogenital tract (males asymptomatic) |
microscopic examination of genital swab |
7.4 million Americans |
sexually transmitted disease |
Sleeping sickness |
Trypanosoma brucei |
blood lymph and central nervous systems |
microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow |
50,000 to 70,000 people |
tsetse fly, bites at night |
Chagas disease |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood |
Giemsa stain - blood |
Mexico, Central America, South America - 16-18 million |
Triatoma/Reduviidae - Insect Vector, bites at night |
Common name of organism or disease |
Latin name (sorted) |
Body parts affected |
Diagnostic specimen |
Prevalence |
Transmission/Vector |
Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm |
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus |
lungs, small intestine, blood |
stool |
common in tropical, warm, moist climates |
penetration of skin by L3 larva |
Roundworm - Parasitic pneumonia |
Ascaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoides |
Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndrome |
stool |
common in tropical and subtropical regions |
|
Roundworm |
Baylisascaris Baylisascaris procyonis, Baylisascaris melis, Baylisascaris transfuga, Baylisascaris columnaris, Baylisascaris devosi, Baylisascaris laevis |
|
|
|
depending on species: ingestion of material contaminated by stool from raccoons, badgers, bears, otters, martens |
|
Brugia malayi, Brugia timori |
lymph nodes |
blood samples |
tropical regions of Asia |
Arthropods |
Tapeworm - Tapeworm infection |
Cestoda |
intestine |
stool |
rare |
|
Clonorchiasis |
Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini |
|
|
|
|
|
Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
gall bladder |
|
rare |
ingestion of ants |
Diphyllobothriasis - tapeworm |
Diphyllobothrium latum |
intestines, blood |
stool (microscope) |
Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile |
ingestion of raw fresh water fish |
Guinea worm - Dracunculiasis |
Dracunculus medinensis |
subcutaneous tissues, muscle |
skin blister/ulcer |
sub-Saharan Africa, arid regions |
|
Echinococcosis - tapeworm |
Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus |
liver, lungs, kidney, spleen |
imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen |
Mediterranean countries |
as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore |
|
Echinostoma echinatum |
small intestine |
|
Far East |
ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails |
Liver fluke - Fasciolosis[3] |
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica |
liver, gall blader |
stool |
Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species |
freshwater snails |
Fasciolopsiasis - intestinal fluke[4] |
Fasciolopsis buski |
intestines |
stool or vomitus (microscope) |
East Asia - 10 million people |
ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails) |
Gnathostomiasis[5] |
Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum |
subcutaneous tissues (under the skin) |
physical examination |
rare - Southeast Asia |
ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (eg, freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water |
Hymenolepiasis[6] |
Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta |
|
|
|
ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, meal worms, cockroaches |
Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings |
Loa loa filaria |
Connective tissue, lungs, eye |
blood (Giemsa, haematoxylin, eosin stain) |
rain forest of West Africa - 12-13 million people |
Tabanidae - horse fly, bites in the day |
Mansonelliasis, Filariasis |
Mansonella streptocerca |
subcutaneous layer of skin |
|
|
insect |
Metagonimiasis - intestinal fluke |
Metagonimus yokogawai |
|
stool |
Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain |
ingestion of undercooked or salted fish |
Chinese Liver Fluke |
Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis |
bile duct |
|
1.5 million people in Russia |
consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish |
Paragonimiasis, Lung Fluke |
Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis |
lungs |
sputum, feces |
East Asia |
ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans |
Anisakiasis[7] |
Anisakis |
allergic reaction |
biopsy |
incidental host |
ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus |
Pinworm - Enterobiasis |
Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii |
intestines, anus |
stool; tape test around anus |
widespread; temperate regions |
|
Whipworm |
Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis |
large intestine, anus |
stool (eggs) |
common worldwide |
accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces |
Trichinosis |
Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa |
muscle, periorbital region, small intestine |
blood |
more common in developing countries due to improved feeding practices in developed countries. |
ingestion of undercooked pork |
ElephantiasisLymphatic filariasis |
Wuchereria bancrofti |
lymphatic system |
thick blood smears stained with hematoxylin. |
Tropical and subtropical |
mosquito, bites at night |
River blindness |
Onchocerca volvulus, Onchocerciasis |
skin, eye, tissue |
bloodless skin snip |
Africa, Yemen, Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers |
Simulium/Black fly, bite during the day |
Schistosomiasis - bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever |
Schistosoma mansoni - intestinal schistosomiasis; Schistosoma haematobium - urinary schistosomiasis; Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi - Asian intestinal schistosomiasis |
Schistosoma haematobium - kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin; Schistosoma mansoni/Schistosoma japonicum - intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin |
Schistosoma haematobium - urine; Schistosoma mansoni/Schistosoma japonicum - stool |
Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East - 200 million people |
skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neritoidea - fresh water snails |
Sparganosis |
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei |
|
|
|
ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: dead-end host) |
Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic pneumonia |
Strongyloides stercoralis |
Intestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens) |
stool, blood |
|
skin penetration |
Beef tapeworm |
Taenia saginata |
Intestines |
stool |
worldwide distribution |
ingestion of undercooked beef |
Pork tapeworm |
Taenia solium |
|
|
|
ingestion of undercooked pork |
Toxocariasis |
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati |
liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis - Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans) |
blood, ocular examination |
worldwide distribution |
pica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken |
Swimmer's itch |
Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae |
|
|
|
skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates) |
Dioctophyme renalis infection |
Dioctophyme renale |
kidneys (typically the right) |
Urine |
Worldwide |
Ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish |