अफ्रीका का विघटन

अफ्रीका के उपनिवेशवाद महाद्वीप के रूप में पर अचानक और कट्टरपंथी शासन में परिवर्तन के साथ 1975 तक मध्य से 1950 के दशक में हुआ था, औपनिवेशिक सरकारों को संक्रमण बना स्वतंत्र राज्यों ; यह अक्सर काफी असंगठित था और हिंसा और राजनीतिक उथल-पुथल के साथ शादी कर ली थी। फ्रांसीसी अल्जीरिया में अल्जीरियाई युद्ध , पुर्तगाली अंगोला में आजादी का अंगोला युद्ध , बेल्जियम के कांगो में कांगो संकट और ब्रिटिश केन्या में मऊ माउ विद्रोह सहित उत्तरी और उप-सहारा कालोनियों में संगठित विद्रोह के साथ व्यापक अशांति थी ।

Timeline

Country	Colonial name	Colonial power	Independence date	First head of state
Ethiopia	establishment as the Kingdom of Aksum		1st century BC	?
Liberia	Commonwealth of Liberia	American Colonization Society	July 26, 1847	Joseph Jenkins Roberts
Libya	Libya	Italy	December 24, 1951	Idris
Egypt	Egypt	Britain	1922/1936/1953	n/a
Sudan	Sudan	Britain	January 1, 1956	Ismail al-Azhari
Tunisia	Tunisia	France	March 20, 1956	Muhammad VIII al-Amin
Morocco	Morocco	France	April 7, 1956	Mohammed V
Ghana	Gold Coast	Britain	March 6, 1957	Kwame Nkrumah
Guinea	French West Africa	France	October 2, 1958	Sékou Touré
Cameroon	Cameroun	France, Britain	January 1, 1960	Ahmadou Ahidjo
Togo	French Togoland	France	April 27, 1960	Sylvanus Olympio
Mali	French West Africa	France	June 20, 1960	Modibo Keita
Senegal	French West Africa	France	June 20, 1960	Léopold Senghor
Madagascar	Malagasy Protectorate	France	June 26, 1960	Philibert Tsiranana
DR Congo	Belgian Congo	Belgium	June 30, 1960	Patrice Lumumba
Somalia	Italian Somaliland, British Somaliland	Italy, Britain	July 1, 1960	Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
Benin	French West Africa	France	August 1, 1960	Hubert Maga
Niger	French West Africa	France	August 3, 1960	Hamani Diori
Burkina Faso	French West Africa	France	August 5, 1960	Maurice Yaméogo
Côte d'Ivoire	Côte d'Ivoire	France	August 7, 1960	Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Chad	French Equatorial Africa	France	August 11, 1960	François Tombalbaye
Central African Republic	French Equatorial Africa	France	August 13, 1960	David Dacko
Congo	French Equatorial Africa	France	August 15, 1960	Fulbert Youlou
Gabon	French Equatorial Africa	France	August 17, 1960	Léon M'ba
Nigeria	Nigeria	Britain	October 1, 1960	Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Mauritania	French West Africa	France	November 28, 1960	Moktar Ould Daddah
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	Britain	April 27, 1961	Milton Margai
Tanzania	Tanganyika	Britain	December 9, 1961	Julius Nyerere
Rwanda	Ruanda-Urundi	Belgium	July 1, 1962	Grégoire Kayibanda
Burundi	Ruanda-Urundi	Belgium	July 1, 1962	Mwambutsa IV
Algeria	Algeria	France	July 3, 1962	Ahmed Ben Bella
Uganda	British East Africa	Britain	October 9, 1962	Milton Obote
Kenya	British East Africa	Britain	December 12, 1963	Jomo Kenyatta
Malawi	Nyasaland	Britain	July 6, 1964	Hastings Kamuzu Banda
Zambia	Northern Rhodesia	Britain	October 24, 1964	Kenneth Kaunda
Gambia	Gambia	Britain	February 18, 1965	Dawda Kairaba Jawara
Botswana	Bechuanaland	Britain	September 30, 1966	Seretse Khama
Lesotho	Basutoland	Britain	October 4, 1966	Leabua Jonathan
Swaziland	Swaziland	Britain	September 6, 1968	Sobhuza II
Equatorial Guinea	Spanish Guinea	Spain	October 12, 1968	Francisco Macías Nguema
Guinea-Bissau	Portuguese Guinea	Portugal	September 24, 1973	Luis Cabral
Mozambique	Portuguese East Africa	Portugal	June 25, 1975	Samora Machel
Angola	Angola	Portugal	November 11, 1975	Agostinho Neto
Djibouti	French Somaliland	France	June 27, 1977	Hassan Gouled Aptidon
Zimbabwe	Southern Rhodesia	Britain	April 18, 1980	Robert Mugabe
Namibia	South West Africa	South Africa	March 21, 1990	Sam Nujoma
Eritrea	Eritrea	Ethiopia	May 24, 1993	Isaias Afewerki
South Africa	South Africa	South Africa (apartheid)	April 27, 1994	Nelson Mandela
Sahrawi Republic ¹	Spanish Sahara	Spain	February 27, 1976	El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed

¹ The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara (then Rio de Oro), when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco (which annexes the entire territory in 1979), rendering the declared independence of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic ineffective to the present day (it controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall). Since Spain did not have the right to give away Western Sahara, under international law de jure the territory is still under Spanish administration. The de facto administrator is however Morocco. See United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories

References

इन्हें भी देखें

Sources

Kevin Shillington (1995). History of Africa (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan; Revised edition ISBN 0-312-12598-4