औद्योगिक प्रक्रमों की सूची

मुक्त ज्ञानकोष विकिपीडिया से
यहाँ जाएँ: भ्रमण, खोज

जिन प्रक्रियाओं में किसी चीज के निर्माण के लिये रासायनिक या यांत्रिक चरणों (steps) की आवश्यकता होती हैं उन्हें औद्योगिक प्रक्रम (Industrial processes) कहते हैं। बड़े-बड़े उद्योगों में औद्योगिक प्रक्रम मुख्य भूमिका निभाते हैं।

Most processes make the production of an otherwise rare material vastly cheaper in price, thus changing it into a commodity; i.e. the process makes it economically feasible for society to use the material on a large scales, in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparison to batch or craft processes. Production of a specific material may involve more than one type of process. Most industrial processes result in both a desired product(s) and by-products, many of which are toxic, hazardous, or hard to deal with. Very, very few processes are self-contained.

अनुक्रम

[संपादित करें] सामान्य प्रक्रम

These may be applied on their own, or as part of a larger process.

[संपादित करें] रासायनिक प्रक्रम

[संपादित करें] उष्मीय प्रक्रम

  • Flash smelting - a refinement on smelting, for sulfur-containing ores (produces copper, nickel and lead)

[संपादित करें] विद्युत अपघटन

मुख्य लेख : विद्युत अपघटन

The availability of electricity and its effect on materials gave rise to several processes for plating or separating metals.

[संपादित करें] भौतिक प्रक्रम (Physical processes)

There are several physical processes for reshaping a material by cutting, folding, joining or polishing, developed on a large scale from workshop techniques.

इन्हें भी देखें: Fabrication (metal)

[संपादित करें] मोल्डिंग (Moulding)

The physical shaping of materials by forming their liquid form using a mould.

[संपादित करें] विलगन (Separation)

Many materials exist in an impure form, purification, or separation provides a usable product.

[संपादित करें] आसवन

[संपादित करें] लोहा एवं इस्पात

Early production of iron was from meteorites, or as a by-product of copper refining. Heating iron ore and carbon in a crucible at 1000 K produces wrought iron. This process gained popularity during the Iron Age. Temperatures of 1300 K were produced around the 8th century by blowing air through the heated mixture in a bloomery or blast furnace (12th century); producing a strong but brittle cast iron. Furnaces were growing bigger, producing greater quantities; a factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution. In 1740 the temperature and carbon content could be controlled sufficiently to consistently produce steel; very strong and very workable. The 19th century saw the development of electric arc furnaces that produced steel in very large quantities, and are more easily controlled.

[संपादित करें] पेट्रोलियम एवं कार्बनिक उत्पाद

The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products.

[संपादित करें] अन्य

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प्रक्रमों के अनुसार

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