"भारत में मातृ मृत्यु दर": अवतरणों में अंतर

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#महिलाओं की शिक्षा में निवेश अन्य परिणामों के साथ स्वास्थ्य परिणामों में भी सुधार करता है।
#महिलाओं की शिक्षा में निवेश अन्य परिणामों के साथ स्वास्थ्य परिणामों में भी सुधार करता है।
#सरकार निजी और सरकारी क्लीनिकों के बीच ''प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षा अभियान कार्यक्रम'' के माध्यम से सहयोग को बढ़ावा दे रही है।
#सरकार निजी और सरकारी क्लीनिकों के बीच ''प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षा अभियान कार्यक्रम'' के माध्यम से सहयोग को बढ़ावा दे रही है।

Before 2017 the government focus on maternal mortality was learning about the causes of death to develop a plan for prevention.<ref name="Kansal 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kansal |first1=A |last2=Garg |first2=S |last3=Sharma |first3=M |title=Moving from maternal death review to surveillance and response: A paradigm shift. |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |date=2018 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=299–301 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_37_18 |pmid=30539893}}</ref> In 2017 the Indian government shifted focus in its programs to instead detect risks then offer healthcare to prevent the death.<ref name="Kansal 2018"/>

A 2016 national survey expected to find that if a household loses a woman to maternal death, then other women in the household will seek more clinic services during pregnancy and after childbirth.<ref name="Rai 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh Kumar |last2=Singh |first2=Prashant Kumar |last3=Kumar |first3=Chandan |title=Is the use of maternal healthcare among prospective mothers higher in households that have experienced maternal death? Evidence from India |journal=Health Policy and Planning |date=September 2016 |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=844–852 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czv140|pmid=26864163 }}</ref> Contrary to expectation, the study instead found that after a maternal death, women instead avoid hospitals and instead seek support from a [[traditional birth attendant]].<ref name="Rai 2016"/> Reasons for this vary, but part of the explanation is that many of these women could go to the hospital for care but choose to avoid doing so.<ref name="Rai 2016"/>

Social factors which influence maternal mortality in India are [[income inequality in India]]; level of access to [[Prenatal care]] and care in the [[postpartum period]]; level of [[Education in India|woman's education]]; the position of the mother's community in the regional [[Income in India#Rural-urban gap|rural-urban divide]]; the mother's access to [[Nutrition and pregnancy|nutrition during pregnancy]]; the degree of [[Water supply and sanitation in India|local sanitation]]; and the [[Caste system in India|caste]] position of the mother.{{cn|date=January 2020}}

The same health monitoring systems which track maternal mortality could also ask women to report other problems, such as lack of good treatment from hospital staff.Healthcare in India measures and reports maternal mortality.<ref name="Jungari 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Jungari |first1=Suresh |last2=Sharma |first2=Baby |last3=Wagh |first3=Dhananjay |title=Beyond Maternal Mortality: A Systematic Review of Evidences on Mistreatment and Disrespect During Childbirth in Health Facilities in India |journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse |date=20 October 2019 |pages=152483801988171 |doi=10.1177/1524838019881719|pmid=31630667 }}</ref> Offering general support services to women could improve many aspects of health care.<ref name="Jungari 2019"/>

===Public health initiatives===
[[File:MDG5.svg|thumb|right|icon for the [[United Nations Millennium Development Goals#Goal 5: Improve maternal health|Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health]]]]
From 2000-2015 India participated in the [[United Nations Millennium Development Goals#Goal 5: Improve maternal health|Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health]].{{cn|date=January 2020}}

The [[Government of India]] has started various public health initiatives to provide a safe and secure environment. Some of these initiatives are -
*[[Janani Suraksha Yojana]] (JSY),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/janani-suraksha-yojana-jsy-_pg|title=Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)|last=|first=|date=|website=National Health Portal of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wcd.nic.in/schemes/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana|title=Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmsma.nhp.gov.in/|title=PRADHAN MANTRI SURAKSHIT MATRITVA ABHIYAN|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Poshan Abhiyan and Laqshya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mpwcdmis.gov.in/scheme_poshanabhiyan.aspx|title=पोषण अभियान (राष्ट्रीय पोषण मिशन)|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Women Welfare|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
Government have also taken initiatives on improving the infrastructure of the country by improving roads and providing free ambulance services at PHC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/PPP/amb_sch.pdf|title=Ambulance Services at Rural Hospitals|last=|first=|date=|website=WB Department of Health|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

===Public health initiatives===
[[File:MDG5.svg|thumb|right|icon for the [[United Nations Millennium Development Goals#Goal 5: Improve maternal health|Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health]]]]
From 2000-2015 India participated in the [[United Nations Millennium Development Goals#Goal 5: Improve maternal health|Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health]].{{cn|date=January 2020}}

The [[Government of India]] has started various public health initiatives to provide a safe and secure environment. Some of these initiatives are -
*[[Janani Suraksha Yojana]] (JSY),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/janani-suraksha-yojana-jsy-_pg|title=Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)|last=|first=|date=|website=National Health Portal of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wcd.nic.in/schemes/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana|title=Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmsma.nhp.gov.in/|title=PRADHAN MANTRI SURAKSHIT MATRITVA ABHIYAN|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Poshan Abhiyan and Laqshya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mpwcdmis.gov.in/scheme_poshanabhiyan.aspx|title=पोषण अभियान (राष्ट्रीय पोषण मिशन)|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Women Welfare|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
Government have also taken initiatives on improving the infrastructure of the country by improving roads and providing free ambulance services at PHC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/PPP/amb_sch.pdf|title=Ambulance Services at Rural Hospitals|last=|first=|date=|website=WB Department of Health|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==History==
In 2018 the [[World Health Organization]] congratulated India for great reduction in maternal mortality since 2005.<ref name="WHO 2018"/>

Previous to that, various reports described high rates of maternal mortality in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=A |last2=Swain |first2=S |last3=Seth |first3=A |title=Maternal mortality in India: current status and strategies for reduction. |journal=Indian Pediatrics |date=December 1991 |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1395–400 |pmid=1819558}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhar |first1=Sujoy |title=India grapples with high maternal death rate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-maternaldeaths/india-grapples-with-high-maternal-death-rate-idUSTRE50P05D20090126 |website=Reuters |language=en |date=26 January 2009}}</ref>

==Research==
Maternal mortality is challenging to study because it is fairly uncommon, it can happen for various reasons, and it is challenging to report.<ref name="Montgomery 2014"/> The first nationally representative study of maternal mortality in all of India was in 2014.<ref name="Montgomery 2014"/>

Two major global studies in 2015 report maternal mortality in India and contribute to national planning. One study is the [[Global Burden of Disease Study]], which in 2015 for the first time published a national report about India.<ref name="Global Burden of Disease 2015">{{cite journal |author1=GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |date=8 October 2016 |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1775–1812 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2 |pmid=27733286|pmc=5224694 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network |year=2016 |title=Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Life Expectancy, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality 1980-2015 |publisher=[[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] |location=Seattle |url=http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2015-life-expectancy-all-cause-and-cause-specific-mortality-1980-2015 |format=dataset}}</ref> The other is the 2015 report of the United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (UN MMEIG).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alkema |first1=L |last2=Chou |first2=D |last3=Hogan |first3=D |last4=Zhang |first4=S |last5=Moller |first5=AB |last6=Gemmill |first6=A |last7=Fat |first7=DM |last8=Boerma |first8=T |last9=Temmerman |first9=M |last10=Mathers |first10=C |last11=Say |first11=L |author12=United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group collaborators and technical advisory group |title=Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. |journal=Lancet |date=30 January 2016 |volume=387 |issue=10017 |pages=462–74 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7 |pmid=26584737 |pmc=5515236 |location=London, England}}</ref> For the earlier 2013 versions of these two studies, researchers noted that they used different data and analysis to come to different conclusions about changes over time of maternal mortality in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kassebaum |first1=Nicholas J |last2=Lopez |first2=Alan D |last3=Murray |first3=Christopher J L |last4=Lozano |first4=Rafael |title=A comparison of maternal mortality estimates from GBD 2013 and WHO |journal=The Lancet |date=December 2014 |volume=384 |issue=9961 |pages=2209–2210 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62421-1|pmid=25625393 }}</ref>

In 2017 a report found no significant impact following a large study of 160,000 pregnant women who participated in a one-week educational program to improve maternal health and childbirth outcomes.<ref name="Semrau 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Semrau |first1=Katherine E.A. |last2=Hirschhorn |first2=Lisa R. |last3=Marx Delaney |first3=Megan |last4=Singh |first4=Vinay P. |last5=Saurastri |first5=Rajiv |last6=Sharma |first6=Narender |last7=Tuller |first7=Danielle E. |last8=Firestone |first8=Rebecca |last9=Lipsitz |first9=Stuart |last10=Dhingra-Kumar |first10=Neelam |last11=Kodkany |first11=Bhalachandra S. |last12=Kumar |first12=Vishwajeet |last13=Gawande |first13=Atul A. |title=Outcomes of a Coaching-Based WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist Program in India |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=14 December 2017 |volume=377 |issue=24 |pages=2313–2324 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1701075|pmid=29236628 }}</ref>


==सन्दर्भ==
==सन्दर्भ==

04:59, 19 फ़रवरी 2020 का अवतरण

भारत में मातृ मृत्यु दर गर्भावस्था के दौरान या जन्म के बाद भारत में एक महिला की मातृ मृत्यु दर है। विभिन्न देशों और संस्कृतियों में मातृ मृत्यु की अलग-अलग दरें और कारण हैं। भारत में भी विभिन्न राज्यों, क्षेत्रों और महिलाओं की जनसांख्यिकी के लिए इन चीजों में भी भिन्नता है।

चिकित्सकीय स्थिति से

1980-2015 से भारत में मातृ मृत्यु का 1.5% कारण एक्लंप्षण (इक्लेम्प्सिया) रहा है।[1] उस समय, इस बीमारी का अनुभव करने वाली महिलाओं की संख्या समान रही है, लेकिन हालत से मातृ मृत्यु की संख्या में भी थोड़ी कमी आई है।[1]

फैलाव

सैंपल रजिस्ट्रेशन सिस्टम बुलेटिन - 2016 के अनुसार, भारत ने 2013 से मातृ मृत्यु का अनुपात (MMR) में 26.9 प्रतिशत की कमी दर्ज की है। मातृ मृत्यु अनुपात 2011-2013 में 167 से घटकर 2014-2016 में 130 और 2015-17 में 122 हो गई है। 2014-2016 के अंतिम सर्वेक्षण के आंकड़ों के बाद 6.15% की कमी दर्ज की गई।

मातृ मृत्यु अनुपात (प्रति 100000 जीवित जन्म) 2004-06 2007-09 2010-12 2011-13 2014-16
भारत में कुल 254 212 178 167 130
असम 480 390 328 300 237
बिहार/झारखंड 312 261 219 208 165
मध्य प्रदेश/छत्तीसगढ़ 335 269 230 221 173
उड़ीसा 303 258 235 222 180
राजस्थान 388 318 255 244 199
उत्तर प्रदेश/उत्तराखंड 440 359 292 285 201
ईएजी और असम सबटोटल 375 308 257 246 188
आंध्र प्रदेश 154 134 110 92 74
तेलंगाना 81
कर्नाटक 213 178 144 133 108
केरल 95 81 66 61 46
तमिलनाडू 111 97 90 79 66
साउथ सबटोटल 149 127 105 93 77
गुजरात 160 148 122 112 91
हरियाणा 186 153 146 127 101
महाराष्ट्र 130 104 87 68 61
पंजाब 192 172 155 141 122
पश्चिम बंगाल 141 145 117 113 101
अन्य राज्य 206 160 136 126 97
अन्य उप-योग 174 149 127 115 93

By region

The rates for using maternal healthcare is the same for rural and urban women in wealthier Indian states.[2] In poorer states, urban women access healthcare much more often than rural women.[2]

The BIMARU states experience a range of problems including maternal mortality.[3]

असम

भारत में असम में मातृ मृत्यु दर सबसे अधिक है।[4] असम में मातृ मृत्यु दर की उच्चतम दर चाय बागान के श्रमिकों में हैं।[4]

Andhra Pradesh

A regional program in Andhra Pradesh seeks to ask doctors and nurses about the causes of maternal mortality in local communities.[5] The general circumstance is that maternal mortality has different causes in different places, but if clinics knew the common causes for that area, then they would be better prepared to prevent future deaths.[5]

बिहार

अन्य राज्यों की तुलना में, बिहार में चिकित्सा देखभाल सेवाओं के उपयोग की अपेक्षाकृत कम दरें हैं।[6]

West Bengal

A 2019 survey in rural West Bengal reported that the "three delays" caused maternal death.[7] Those are delay in deciding to go to the clinic, delay in actually arriving at the clinic, and delay in getting care at the clinic.[7]

Karnataka

Karnataka has the highest rate of maternal mortality in South India.[8] In interviews, mothers reported that when they did not use healthcare services, their reasons included lack of access to transport to the clinic, the cost of care, and low value in a clinic visit.[8] When a mother dies in this region it is often in the postpartum period.[8]

उत्तर प्रदेश

सर्वेक्षणों में पाया गया है कि उत्तर प्रदेश की महिलाएं जो अधिक शिक्षित हैं और अधिक पैसों वाली है, वे मातृ स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं का अधिक उपयोग करती हैं।[9]

रोकथाम

2018 में विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन ने भारत में हाल ही में हुए चार बदलावों पर ध्यान दिया, जिनमें मातृ मृत्यु दर कम थी:

  1. सरकार ने गर्भवती महिलाओं और नई माताओं के लिए स्वास्थ्य सेवा की उपलब्धता बढ़ाई है।
  2. जननी शिशु सुरक्षा कार्यकम जैसे वित्त कार्यक्रमों ने अस्पताल जाने में परिवहन और प्रसव की लागत के लिए भुगतान किया है।
  3. महिलाओं की शिक्षा में निवेश अन्य परिणामों के साथ स्वास्थ्य परिणामों में भी सुधार करता है।
  4. सरकार निजी और सरकारी क्लीनिकों के बीच प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षा अभियान कार्यक्रम के माध्यम से सहयोग को बढ़ावा दे रही है।

Before 2017 the government focus on maternal mortality was learning about the causes of death to develop a plan for prevention.[10] In 2017 the Indian government shifted focus in its programs to instead detect risks then offer healthcare to prevent the death.[10]

A 2016 national survey expected to find that if a household loses a woman to maternal death, then other women in the household will seek more clinic services during pregnancy and after childbirth.[11] Contrary to expectation, the study instead found that after a maternal death, women instead avoid hospitals and instead seek support from a traditional birth attendant.[11] Reasons for this vary, but part of the explanation is that many of these women could go to the hospital for care but choose to avoid doing so.[11]

Social factors which influence maternal mortality in India are income inequality in India; level of access to Prenatal care and care in the postpartum period; level of woman's education; the position of the mother's community in the regional rural-urban divide; the mother's access to nutrition during pregnancy; the degree of local sanitation; and the caste position of the mother.[उद्धरण चाहिए]

The same health monitoring systems which track maternal mortality could also ask women to report other problems, such as lack of good treatment from hospital staff.Healthcare in India measures and reports maternal mortality.[12] Offering general support services to women could improve many aspects of health care.[12]

Public health initiatives

चित्र:MDG5.svg
icon for the Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health

From 2000-2015 India participated in the Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health.[उद्धरण चाहिए]

The Government of India has started various public health initiatives to provide a safe and secure environment. Some of these initiatives are -

Government have also taken initiatives on improving the infrastructure of the country by improving roads and providing free ambulance services at PHC.[17]

Public health initiatives

चित्र:MDG5.svg
icon for the Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health

From 2000-2015 India participated in the Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health.[उद्धरण चाहिए]

The Government of India has started various public health initiatives to provide a safe and secure environment. Some of these initiatives are -

Government have also taken initiatives on improving the infrastructure of the country by improving roads and providing free ambulance services at PHC.[22]

History

In 2018 the World Health Organization congratulated India for great reduction in maternal mortality since 2005.[23]

Previous to that, various reports described high rates of maternal mortality in India.[24][25]

Research

Maternal mortality is challenging to study because it is fairly uncommon, it can happen for various reasons, and it is challenging to report.[2] The first nationally representative study of maternal mortality in all of India was in 2014.[2]

Two major global studies in 2015 report maternal mortality in India and contribute to national planning. One study is the Global Burden of Disease Study, which in 2015 for the first time published a national report about India.[26][27] The other is the 2015 report of the United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (UN MMEIG).[28] For the earlier 2013 versions of these two studies, researchers noted that they used different data and analysis to come to different conclusions about changes over time of maternal mortality in India.[29]

In 2017 a report found no significant impact following a large study of 160,000 pregnant women who participated in a one-week educational program to improve maternal health and childbirth outcomes.[30]

सन्दर्भ

  1. ↑ अ आ Nobis, P. N.; Hajong, Anupama (8 January 2016). "Eclampsia in India Through the Decades". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 66 (S1): 172–176. PMID 27651598. डीओआइ:10.1007/s13224-015-0807-5. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 5016424.
  2. ↑ अ आ इ ई Montgomery, AL; Ram, U; Kumar, R; Jha, P; Million Death Study, Collaborators. (2014). "Maternal mortality in India: causes and healthcare service use based on a nationally representative survey". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e83331. PMID 24454701. डीओआइ:10.1371/journal.pone.0083331. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 3893075. बिबकोड:2014PLoSO...983331M.
  3. ↑ Dehury, RK; Samal, J (September 2016). "Maternal Health Situation in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh: A Comparative Analysis of State Fact Sheets of National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 and 4". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 10 (9): IE01–IE04. PMID 27790466. डीओआइ:10.7860/JCDR/2016/19079.8404. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 5071966.
  4. ↑ अ आ Cousins, Sophie (5 April 2016). "Assam: India's state with the highest maternal mortality". BMJ. 353: i1908. PMID 27048471. डीओआइ:10.1136/bmj.i1908.
  5. ↑ अ आ Singh, S; Murthy, GV; Thippaiah, A; Upadhyaya, S; Krishna, M; Shukla, R; Srikrishna, SR (July 2015). "Community based maternal death review: lessons learned from ten districts in Andhra Pradesh, India". Maternal and Child Health Journal. 19 (7): 1447–54. PMID 25636651. डीओआइ:10.1007/s10995-015-1678-1.
  6. ↑ Kumar, G Anil; Dandona, Rakhi; Chaman, Priyanka; Singh, Priyanka; Dandona, Lalit (17 October 2014). "A population-based study of neonatal mortality and maternal care utilization in the Indian state of Bihar". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 14 (1): 357. PMID 25326202. डीओआइ:10.1186/1471-2393-14-357. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 4287469.
  7. ↑ अ आ Sk, MIK; Paswan, B; Anand, A; Mondal, NA (28 August 2019). "Praying until death: revisiting three delays model to contextualize the socio-cultural factors associated with maternal deaths in a region with high prevalence of eclampsia in India". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 19 (1): 314. PMID 31455258. डीओआइ:10.1186/s12884-019-2458-5. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 6712765.
  8. ↑ अ आ इ Vidler, Marianne; Ramadurg, Umesh; Charantimath, Umesh; Katageri, Geetanjali; Karadiguddi, Chandrashekhar; Sawchuck, Diane; Qureshi, Rahat; Dharamsi, Shafik; Joshi, Anjali; von Dadelszen, Peter; Derman, Richard; Bellad, Mrutyunjaya; Goudar, Shivaprasad; Mallapur, Ashalata (8 June 2016). "Utilization of maternal health care services and their determinants in Karnataka State, India". Reproductive Health. 13 (S1): 37. PMID 27356502. डीओआइ:10.1186/s12978-016-0138-8. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 4943501.
  9. ↑ Dey, A; Hay, K; Afroz, B; Chandurkar, D; Singh, K; Dehingia, N; Raj, A; Silverman, JG (2018). "Understanding intersections of social determinants of maternal healthcare utilization in Uttar Pradesh, India". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0204810. PMID 30286134. डीओआइ:10.1371/journal.pone.0204810. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 6171889. बिबकोड:2018PLoSO..1304810D.
  10. ↑ अ आ Kansal, A; Garg, S; Sharma, M (2018). "Moving from maternal death review to surveillance and response: A paradigm shift". Indian Journal of Public Health. 62 (4): 299–301. PMID 30539893. डीओआइ:10.4103/ijph.IJPH_37_18.
  11. ↑ अ आ इ Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Singh, Prashant Kumar; Kumar, Chandan (September 2016). "Is the use of maternal healthcare among prospective mothers higher in households that have experienced maternal death? Evidence from India". Health Policy and Planning. 31 (7): 844–852. PMID 26864163. डीओआइ:10.1093/heapol/czv140.
  12. ↑ अ आ Jungari, Suresh; Sharma, Baby; Wagh, Dhananjay (20 October 2019). "Beyond Maternal Mortality: A Systematic Review of Evidences on Mistreatment and Disrespect During Childbirth in Health Facilities in India". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse: 152483801988171. PMID 31630667. डीओआइ:10.1177/1524838019881719.
  13. ↑ "Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)". National Health Portal of India.
  14. ↑ "Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana". Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India.
  15. ↑ "PRADHAN MANTRI SURAKSHIT MATRITVA ABHIYAN". Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
  16. ↑ "पोषण अभियान (राष्ट्रीय पोषण मिशन)". Ministry of Women Welfare.
  17. ↑ "Ambulance Services at Rural Hospitals" (PDF). WB Department of Health.
  18. ↑ "Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)". National Health Portal of India.
  19. ↑ "Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana". Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India.
  20. ↑ "PRADHAN MANTRI SURAKSHIT MATRITVA ABHIYAN". Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
  21. ↑ "पोषण अभियान (राष्ट्रीय पोषण मिशन)". Ministry of Women Welfare.
  22. ↑ "Ambulance Services at Rural Hospitals" (PDF). WB Department of Health.
  23. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; WHO 2018 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  24. ↑ Prakash, A; Swain, S; Seth, A (December 1991). "Maternal mortality in India: current status and strategies for reduction". Indian Pediatrics. 28 (12): 1395–400. PMID 1819558.
  25. ↑ Dhar, Sujoy (26 January 2009). "India grapples with high maternal death rate". Reuters (अंग्रेज़ी में).
  26. ↑ GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1775–1812. PMID 27733286. डीओआइ:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 5224694.
  27. ↑ Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network (2016), Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Life Expectancy, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality 1980-2015 (dataset), Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
  28. ↑ Alkema, L; Chou, D; Hogan, D; Zhang, S; Moller, AB; Gemmill, A; Fat, DM; Boerma, T; Temmerman, M; Mathers, C; Say, L; United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group collaborators and technical advisory group (30 January 2016). "Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group". Lancet. London, England. 387 (10017): 462–74. PMID 26584737. डीओआइ:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7. पी॰एम॰सी॰ 5515236.
  29. ↑ Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Lopez, Alan D; Murray, Christopher J L; Lozano, Rafael (December 2014). "A comparison of maternal mortality estimates from GBD 2013 and WHO". The Lancet. 384 (9961): 2209–2210. PMID 25625393. डीओआइ:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62421-1.
  30. ↑ Semrau, Katherine E.A.; Hirschhorn, Lisa R.; Marx Delaney, Megan; Singh, Vinay P.; Saurastri, Rajiv; Sharma, Narender; Tuller, Danielle E.; Firestone, Rebecca; Lipsitz, Stuart; Dhingra-Kumar, Neelam; Kodkany, Bhalachandra S.; Kumar, Vishwajeet; Gawande, Atul A. (14 December 2017). "Outcomes of a Coaching-Based WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist Program in India". New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (24): 2313–2324. PMID 29236628. डीओआइ:10.1056/NEJMoa1701075.
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