"तापीय प्रसार": अवतरणों में अंतर
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अनुनाद सिंह (वार्ता | योगदान) No edit summary |
अनुनाद सिंह (वार्ता | योगदान) No edit summary |
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पंक्ति 35: | पंक्ति 35: | ||
शून्य डिग्री सेल्सियस के प्रारम्भिक तापमान पर [[आदर्श गैस]] के लिए, |
शून्य डिग्री सेल्सियस के प्रारम्भिक तापमान पर [[आदर्श गैस]] के लिए, |
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:<math>\gamma</math> = 1/273,15 K<sup>−1</sup> |
: आयतनी ताप प्रसार गुणांक <math>\gamma</math> = 1/273,15 K<sup>−1</sup> |
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==विभिन्न पदार्थों के ताप प्रसार गुणांक== |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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!पदार्थ |
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! रैखिक<br>गुणांक ''α''<br>at 20 °C<br/>(10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>) |
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!आयतनी <br>गुणांक ''α<sub>V</sub>''<br>at 20 °C<br/>(10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>) |
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!टिप्पणी |
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|- |
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|[[अलुमिनियम]] |
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|23.1 |
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|69 |
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|[[अलुमिनियम नाइट्राइड]] |
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|4.2 a-axis, 5.3 c-axis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/AlN/thermal.html|title=AlN thermal properties at Ioffe institute}}</ref> |
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|13.7 |
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|AlN is [[Wurtzite_crystal_structure|anisotropic]] |
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|- |
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|[[Benzocyclobutene]] |
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|42 |
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|126 |
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|[[पीतल]] |
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|19 |
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|57 |
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|[[Carbon steel]] |
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|10.8 |
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|32.4 |
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|[[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|CFRP]] |
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|– 0.8<ref>{{Cite conference | first1 = Ashraf | last1 = Ahmed | first2 = Behrouz | last2 = Tavakol | first3 = Rony | last3 = Das | first4 = Ronald | last4 = Joven | first5 = Pooneh | last5 = Roozbehjavan | first6 = Bob | last6 = Minaie | title=Study of Thermal Expansion in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites | conference = Proceedings of SAMPE International Symposium |location =Charleston, SC |year= 2012}}</ref> |
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|[[Anisotropic]] |
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|Fiber direction |
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|[[Concrete]] |
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|12 |
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|36 |
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|[[Copper]] |
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|17 |
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|51 |
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|[[Diamond]] |
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|1 |
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|3 |
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|[[Ethanol]] |
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|250 |
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|750<ref>{{Cite book|title=Young and Geller College Physics|edition=8th|last1=Young|last2=Geller|isbn=0-8053-9218-1}}</ref> |
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|[[Gallium(III) arsenide]] |
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|5.8 |
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|17.4 |
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|[[Gasoline]] |
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|317 |
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|950<ref name="thermex1" /> |
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|[[Glass]] |
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|8.5 |
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|25.5 |
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|[[Glass]], [[borosilicate]] |
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|3.3 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schott.com/tubing/german/download/schott-brochure-technical-tubing-english.pdf|title=Technical Glasses Data Sheet|format=PDF|publisher=schott.com}}</ref> |
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|9.9 |
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|matched sealing partner for [[tungsten]], [[molybdenum]] and [[kovar]]. |
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|- |
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|Glass ([[Pyrex]]) |
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|3.2<ref name="SerwayJewett2005">{{citation|author1=Raymond Serway|author2=John Jewett|title=Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaroJ5BNuZAC|year=2005|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-534-49143-X|page=506}}</ref> |
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|[[Glycerine]] |
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|485<ref name="SerwayJewett2005" /> |
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|[[Gold]] |
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|14 |
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|42 |
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|[[Helium]] |
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|36.65<ref name="SerwayJewett2005" /> |
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|[[Ice]] |
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|51 |
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|- |
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|[[Indium phosphide]] |
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|4.6 |
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|13.8 |
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|- |
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|[[Invar]] |
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|1.2 |
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|3.6 |
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|- |
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|[[Iron (element)|Iron]] |
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|11.8 |
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|35.4 |
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|- |
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|[[Kapton]] |
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|20<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheettext.aspx?matguid=305905ff1ded40fdaa34a18d8727a4dc|title=DuPont™ Kapton® 200EN Polyimide Film|publisher=matweb.com}}</ref> |
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|60 |
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|DuPont Kapton 200EN |
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|[[Lead]] |
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|29 |
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|87 |
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|[[Macor]] |
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|9.3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corning.com/docs/specialtymaterials/pisheets/Macor.pdf|title=Macor data sheet|format=PDF|publisher=corning.com}}</ref> |
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|[[Magnesium]] |
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|26 |
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|78 |
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|[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] |
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|61 |
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|182<ref name="SerwayJewett2005" /><ref name="thermex2" /> |
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|[[Molybdenum]] |
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|4.8 |
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|14.4 |
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|[[Nickel]] |
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|13 |
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|39 |
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|[[Oak]] |
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|54<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forestry.caf.wvu.edu/programs/woodindustries/wdsc340_7.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330062350/http://www.forestry.caf.wvu.edu/programs/woodindustries/wdsc340_7.htm|archivedate=2009-03-30|title= WDSC 340. Class Notes on Thermal Properties of Wood|work=forestry.caf.wvu.edu}}</ref> |
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|Perpendicular to the grain |
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|[[Douglas-fir]] |
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|27<ref name="wooddata">{{cite techreport|url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/1597/FPL_1487ocr.pdf| author1 = Richard C. Weatherwax | author2 = Alfred J. Stamm | title= The coefficients of thermal expansion of wood and wood products | year=1956 | institution = [[Forest Products Laboratory]], United States Forest Service | number = 1487}}</ref> |
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|75 |
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|radial |
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|[[Douglas-fir]] |
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|45<ref name="wooddata" /> |
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|75 |
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|tangential |
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|- |
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|[[Douglas-fir]] |
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|3.5<ref name="wooddata" /> |
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|75 |
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|parallel to grain |
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|- |
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|[[Platinum]] |
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|9 |
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|27 |
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|[[Polypropylene|PP]] |
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|150 |
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|450 |
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|{{Citation needed|reason=various types|date=March 2014}} |
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|- |
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|[[PVC]] |
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|52 |
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|156 |
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|[[Quartz]] ([[Fused quartz|fused (pure glass)]]) |
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|0.59 |
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|1.77 |
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|[[alpha-Quartz]] |
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|12-16/6-9<ref>{{cite book|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/145883/|doi=10.1109/FREQ.1991.145883|isbn=0-87942-658-6|chapter=Thermal expansion of alpha quartz|title=Proceedings of the 45th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control 1991|page=22|year=1991|last1=Kosinski|first1=J.A.|last2=Gualtieri|first2=J.G.|last3=Ballato|first3=A.}}</ref> |
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|Parallel to a-axis/c-axis T = -50 to 150 C |
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|- |
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|[[Rubber]] |
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|''disputed'' |
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|''disputed'' |
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|''see [[Talk:Thermal expansion#Rubber has Negative TE.|Talk]]'' |
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|- |
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|[[Sapphire]] |
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|5.3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americas.kyocera.com/kicc/pdf/Kyocera%20Sapphire.pdf|title=Sapphire|publisher=kyocera.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018140553/http://americas.kyocera.com/KICC/pdf/Kyocera%20Sapphire.pdf|archivedate=2005-10-18|df=}}</ref> |
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|Parallel to C axis, or [001] |
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|- |
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|[[Silicon Carbide]] |
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|2.77<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/SiC/basic.html |title=Basic Parameters of Silicon Carbide (SiC)|publisher=Ioffe Institute}}</ref> |
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|8.31 |
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|[[Silicon]] |
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|2.56<ref>{{Cite journal|bibcode=1982ZPhyB..48...17B|doi=10.1007/BF02026423|title=The lattice parameter of highly pure silicon single crystals|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik B|volume=48|page=17|year=1982|last1=Becker|first1=P.|last2=Seyfried|first2=P.|last3=Siegert|first3=H.}}</ref> |
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|9 |
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|[[Silver]] |
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|18<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thexp.html#c1 |title=Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 20 C|publisher=Georgia State University|author=Nave, Rod }}</ref> |
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|54 |
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|[[Sitall]] |
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|0±0.15<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.star-instruments.com/russian.html|title=Sitall CO-115M (Astrositall)|work= Star Instruments}}</ref> |
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|0±0.45 |
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|average for −60 °C to 60 °C |
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|- |
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|[[Stainless steel]] |
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|10.1 ~ 17.3 |
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|30.3 ~ 51.9 |
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|[[Steel]] |
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|11.0 ~ 13.0 |
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|33.0 ~ 39.0 |
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|Depends on composition |
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|- |
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|[[Titanium]] |
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|8.6 |
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|26<ref>[http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf Thermal Expansion table]</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[Tungsten]] |
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|4.5 |
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|13.5 |
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|- |
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|[[Turpentine]] |
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|90<ref name="SerwayJewett2005" /> |
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|[[Water]] |
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|69 |
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|207<ref name="thermex2">{{cite web|url=http://www.efunda.com/materials/common_matl/Common_Matl.cfm?MatlPhase=Liquid&MatlProp=Thermal |title=Properties of Common Liquid Materials}}</ref> |
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|[[YbGaGe]] |
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|≐0 |
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|≐0<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salvador|first1=James R.|last2=Guo|first2=Fu|last3=Hogan|first3=Tim|last4=Kanatzidis|first4=Mercouri G.|title=Zero thermal expansion in YbGaGe due to an electronic valence transition|journal=Nature|volume=425|year=2003|pmid=14562099|doi=10.1038/nature02011|bibcode = 2003Natur.425..702S|issue=6959|pages=702–5}}</ref> |
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|Refuted<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Janssen|first1=Y.|last2=Change|first2=S.|last3=Cho|first3=B.K.|last4=Llobet|first4=A.|last5=Dennis|first5=K.W.|last6=McCallum|first6=R.W.|last7=Mc Queeney|first7 = R.J.|last8=Canfeld|first8=P.C.|title=YbGaGe: normal thermal expansion|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=389|pages=10–13|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.08.012|arxiv=cond-mat/0407683}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[Zerodur]] |
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|≈0.007-0.1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schott.com/advanced_optics/english/syn/advanced_optics/products/optical-materials/zerodur-zero-expansion-glass-ceramic/zerodur/index.html|title=Schott AG|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223930/http://www.schott.com/advanced_optics/english/syn/advanced_optics/products/optical-materials/zerodur-zero-expansion-glass-ceramic/zerodur/index.html|archivedate=2013-10-04|df=}}</ref> |
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|at 0...50 °C |
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== बाहरी कड़ियाँ == |
== बाहरी कड़ियाँ == |
16:17, 25 नवम्बर 2018 का अवतरण
यह लेख एक आधार है। जानकारी जोड़कर इसे बढ़ाने में विकिपीडिया की मदद करें। |
ताप के परिवर्तन के फलस्वरूप पदार्थों के लम्बाई, क्षेत्रफल एवं आयतन में होने वाले परिवर्तन को में होने वाले परिवर्तन को ताप विस्तार (Thermal expansion) कहते हैं। सभी पदार्थों में यह प्रवृत्ति पायी जाती है।
प्रसार के समीकरण
ठोसों का तापीय प्रसार
लम्बाई | क्षेत्रफल | आयतन |
---|---|---|
द्रवों का तापीय प्रसार
गैसों का तापीय प्रसार
शून्य डिग्री सेल्सियस के प्रारम्भिक तापमान पर आदर्श गैस के लिए,
- आयतनी ताप प्रसार गुणांक = 1/273,15 K−1
विभिन्न पदार्थों के ताप प्रसार गुणांक
पदार्थ | रैखिक गुणांक α at 20 °C (10−6 K−1) |
आयतनी गुणांक αV at 20 °C (10−6 K−1) |
टिप्पणी |
---|---|---|---|
अलुमिनियम | 23.1 | 69 | |
अलुमिनियम नाइट्राइड | 4.2 a-axis, 5.3 c-axis[1] | 13.7 | AlN is anisotropic |
Benzocyclobutene | 42 | 126 | |
पीतल | 19 | 57 | |
Carbon steel | 10.8 | 32.4 | |
CFRP | – 0.8[2] | Anisotropic | Fiber direction |
Concrete | 12 | 36 | |
Copper | 17 | 51 | |
Diamond | 1 | 3 | |
Ethanol | 250 | 750[3] | |
Gallium(III) arsenide | 5.8 | 17.4 | |
Gasoline | 317 | 950[4] | |
Glass | 8.5 | 25.5 | |
Glass, borosilicate | 3.3 [5] | 9.9 | matched sealing partner for tungsten, molybdenum and kovar. |
Glass (Pyrex) | 3.2[6] | ||
Glycerine | 485[6] | ||
Gold | 14 | 42 | |
Helium | 36.65[6] | ||
Ice | 51 | ||
Indium phosphide | 4.6 | 13.8 | |
Invar | 1.2 | 3.6 | |
Iron | 11.8 | 35.4 | |
Kapton | 20[7] | 60 | DuPont Kapton 200EN |
Lead | 29 | 87 | |
Macor | 9.3[8] | ||
Magnesium | 26 | 78 | |
Mercury | 61 | 182[6][9] | |
Molybdenum | 4.8 | 14.4 | |
Nickel | 13 | 39 | |
Oak | 54[10] | Perpendicular to the grain | |
Douglas-fir | 27[11] | 75 | radial |
Douglas-fir | 45[11] | 75 | tangential |
Douglas-fir | 3.5[11] | 75 | parallel to grain |
Platinum | 9 | 27 | |
PP | 150 | 450 | [उद्धरण चाहिए] |
PVC | 52 | 156 | |
Quartz (fused (pure glass)) | 0.59 | 1.77 | |
alpha-Quartz | 12-16/6-9[12] | Parallel to a-axis/c-axis T = -50 to 150 C | |
Rubber | disputed | disputed | see Talk |
Sapphire | 5.3[13] | Parallel to C axis, or [001] | |
Silicon Carbide | 2.77[14] | 8.31 | |
Silicon | 2.56[15] | 9 | |
Silver | 18[16] | 54 | |
Sitall | 0±0.15[17] | 0±0.45 | average for −60 °C to 60 °C |
Stainless steel | 10.1 ~ 17.3 | 30.3 ~ 51.9 | |
Steel | 11.0 ~ 13.0 | 33.0 ~ 39.0 | Depends on composition |
Titanium | 8.6 | 26[18] | |
Tungsten | 4.5 | 13.5 | |
Turpentine | 90[6] | ||
Water | 69 | 207[9] | |
YbGaGe | ≐0 | ≐0[19] | Refuted[20] |
Zerodur | ≈0.007-0.1[21] | at 0...50 °C |
बाहरी कड़ियाँ
- Glass Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion measurement, definitions, thermal expansion calculation from the glass composition
- Water Expansion Calculator Water thermal expansion calculator
- DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package on Thermal Expansion and the Bi-material Strip
- Engineering Toolbox – List of coefficients of Linear Expansion for some common materials
- Article on how β is determined
- MatWeb: Free database of engineering properties for over 79,000 materials
- Clemson University Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion
- USA NIST Website - Temperature and Dimensional Measurement workshop
- Hyperphysics: Thermal expansion
- Understanding Thermal Expansion in Ceramic Glazes
- ↑ "AlN thermal properties at Ioffe institute".
- ↑ Ahmed, Ashraf; Tavakol, Behrouz; Das, Rony; Joven, Ronald; Roozbehjavan, Pooneh; Minaie, Bob (2012). "Study of Thermal Expansion in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites". Proceedings of SAMPE International Symposium. Charleston, SC.
- ↑ Young; Geller. Young and Geller College Physics (8th संस्करण). आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-8053-9218-1.
- ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि:
<ref>
का गलत प्रयोग;thermex1
नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है। - ↑ "Technical Glasses Data Sheet" (PDF). schott.com.
- ↑ अ आ इ ई उ Raymond Serway; John Jewett (2005), Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, Cengage Learning, पृ॰ 506, आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-534-49143-X
- ↑ "DuPont™ Kapton® 200EN Polyimide Film". matweb.com.
- ↑ "Macor data sheet" (PDF). corning.com.
- ↑ अ आ "Properties of Common Liquid Materials".
- ↑ "WDSC 340. Class Notes on Thermal Properties of Wood". forestry.caf.wvu.edu. मूल से 2009-03-30 को पुरालेखित.
- ↑ अ आ इ साँचा:Cite techreport
- ↑ Kosinski, J.A.; Gualtieri, J.G.; Ballato, A. (1991). "Thermal expansion of alpha quartz". Proceedings of the 45th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control 1991. पृ॰ 22. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-87942-658-6. डीओआइ:10.1109/FREQ.1991.145883.
- ↑ "Sapphire" (PDF). kyocera.com. मूल (PDF) से 2005-10-18 को पुरालेखित. नामालूम प्राचल
|deadurl=
की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद) - ↑ "Basic Parameters of Silicon Carbide (SiC)". Ioffe Institute.
- ↑ Becker, P.; Seyfried, P.; Siegert, H. (1982). "The lattice parameter of highly pure silicon single crystals". Zeitschrift für Physik B. 48: 17. डीओआइ:10.1007/BF02026423. बिबकोड:1982ZPhyB..48...17B.
- ↑ Nave, Rod. "Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 20 C". Georgia State University.
- ↑ "Sitall CO-115M (Astrositall)". Star Instruments.
- ↑ Thermal Expansion table
- ↑ Salvador, James R.; Guo, Fu; Hogan, Tim; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. (2003). "Zero thermal expansion in YbGaGe due to an electronic valence transition". Nature. 425 (6959): 702–5. PMID 14562099. डीओआइ:10.1038/nature02011. बिबकोड:2003Natur.425..702S.
- ↑ Janssen, Y.; Change, S.; Cho, B.K.; Llobet, A.; Dennis, K.W.; McCallum, R.W.; Mc Queeney, R.J.; Canfeld, P.C. (2005). "YbGaGe: normal thermal expansion". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 389: 10–13. arXiv:cond-mat/0407683. डीओआइ:10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.08.012.
- ↑ "Schott AG". मूल से 2013-10-04 को पुरालेखित. नामालूम प्राचल
|deadurl=
की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)