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'''लव जिहाद''' या '''रोमियो जिहाद''' {{refn|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khatun|first=Nadira|date=14 December 2018|title='Love-Jihad' and Bollywood: Constructing Muslims as 'Other'|url=https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol22/iss3/8|journal=Journal of Religion & Film|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Omaha]]|volume=22|issue=3|issn=1092-1311|access-date=9 January 2021|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120204931/https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol22/iss3/8/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Charu|year=2009|title=Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663907|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=44|issue=51|pages=13–15|jstor=25663907|issn=0012-9976|via=[[JSTOR]]|access-date=9 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000118/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663907|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Rao|first=Mohan|date=1 October 2011|title=Love Jihad and Demographic Fears|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097152151101800307|journal=[[Indian Journal of Gender Studies]]|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=425–430|doi=10.1177/097152151101800307|s2cid=144012623|issn=0971-5215|via=[[SAGE Journals]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khalid|first=Saif|date=24 August 2017|title=The Hadiya case and the myth of 'Love Jihad' in India|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/hadiya-case-myth-love-jihad-india-170823181612279.html|access-date=3 October 2017|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003175039/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/hadiya-case-myth-love-jihad-india-170823181612279.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} एक [[इस्लामोफ़ोबिया|इस्लामोफोबिक]] षडयंत्र सिद्धांत है। {{refn|<ref name=":22" />{{rp|226–227|q=The exponents of this conspiracy assert that innocent Hindu women are converted to Islam in order to increase the Muslim population, thereby waging jihad or holy war against Hindus (Gupta, 2009). By evoking demographic fears and anxiety, this campaign demonizes Muslims and works to advance the patriarchal idea of saving Hindu girls from an imagined Muslim menace (Das, 2010).}}<ref name="Jenkins 2019">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Laura Dudley |chapter=Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812296006-007/html |chapter-url-access=subscription |title=Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India |date=11 April 2019 |doi=10.9783/9780812296006-007 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Religious_Freedom_and_Mass_Conversion_in/pOuRDwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |access-date=30 March 2021 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=978-0-8122-9600-6 |language=en|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge."}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Ajita |title=Afrazul's murder: Law and love jihad |journal=Jindal Global Law Review |date=1 April 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=77–95 |doi=10.1007/s41020-020-00114-5 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|s2cid=220512241 |quote=insident based fact ,kerla High court first told that love jihad forces non muslim women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam by using false name, status, black mailing ,thretinng . The love jihad cases highly increased in world wide.}}</ref><ref name="Upadhyay 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Nishant |title=Hindu Nation and its Queers: and De/coloniality in India |journal=Interventions |date=18 May 2020 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=464–480 |doi=10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749709 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43040799 |access-date=30 March 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|s2cid=218822737 |via=[[Academia.edu]]|quote=Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence, some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men. For instance, the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the "love jihad" is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men, as the latter are imagined/blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage (Gupta 2018b, 85). Needless to say, these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right.}}</ref><ref name="Frydenlund 2018">{{cite book|last1=Frydenlund|first1=Iselin|editor1-first=Asbjørn|editor1-last=Dyrendal|editor2-first=David G.|editor2-last=Robertson|editor3-first=Egil|editor3-last=Asprem|chapter=Buddhist hinduphobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts|title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion|series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion|volume=17|date=24 September 2018|pages=279–302|doi=10.1163/9789004382022_014|accessdate=7 October 2020|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004382022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoN1DwAAQBAJ|via=[[Google Books]]|url-access=limited|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611172907/https://books.google.com/books?id=yoN1DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|289|q=The third trope concerns capitalism and market competition, while the latter three consider another aspect of global Islamophobic discourses, namely that there is a plot to spread Islam around the world through population growth, or so-called Demographic Jihad. This in turn can be divided into three subfields according to the means by which Muslims are claimed to use in their Demographic Jihad to eradicate Buddhism: 'Birth Jihad', 'Rape Jihad', and 'Love Jihad'.}}|name=Islamophobia}} {{refn|<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Farokhi|first=Zeinab|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Affective_Politics_of_Digital_Media/_8T2DwAAQBAJ|title=Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00-016917-1|editor-last=Boler|editor-first=Megan|location=|pages=226–239|language=en|chapter=Hindu Nationalism, News Channels, and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case Study of "Love Jihad"|editor-last2=Davis|editor-first2=Elizabeth|via=[[Google Books]]|url-access=limited|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>{{rp|226–227|q=This chapter examines the conspiracy theory of "Love Jihad" across traditional and social media discourse in India as a way to show how affective strategies promoting Islamophobia are employed through logics of "digital governmentality" (Badouard et al., 2016). "Love Jihad" is a campaign started by right-wing Hindu nationalists in 2009 (Gökarıksel et al., 2019) alleging that Muslim men feign love to lure non-Muslim women to marry them in order to convert them to Islam (Rao, 2011).}}<ref name="Strohl 2018">{{Cite journal|last=Strohl|first=David James|date=11 October 2018|title=Love jihad in India's moral imaginaries: religion, kinship, and citizenship in late liberalism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209|url-access=subscription|access-date=20 February 2021|journal=Contemporary South Asia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=27|issue=1|pages=27–39|doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209|s2cid=149838857|issn=0958-4935|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128215102/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|1–2|q=Since at least 2009, a host of activists have used grassroots campaigns and mass-media to spread rumors throughout India of a vast conspiracy by the Muslim community to train young men to seduce, marry, and convert Hindu women. Some politicians and activists draw on these conspiracy theories to drum up support from Hindus in electoral campaigns and to fuel moralizing crusades throughout the country aimed at saving women from these imagined threats.}}<ref name=":32">{{cite journal|last1=Nair|first1=Rashmi|last2=Vollhardt|first2=Johanna Ray|date=6 May 2019|title=Intersectional Consciousness in Collective Victim Beliefs: Perceived Intragroup Differences Among Disadvantaged Groups|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332904170|journal=[[Political Psychology]]|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|volume=40|issue=5|pages=2|doi=10.1111/pops.12593|via=[[ResearchGate]]|access-date=17 February 2021|quote=Muslims form about 15% of India's population and have suffered severe marginalization in education and employment, since the partition of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947 (Alam, 2010). They have since faced recurrent riots (Varshney, 2003). Other hostilities include false accusations of love jihad (a conspiracy theory claiming Muslim men feign love with non-Muslim women to convert them to Islam) and attempts to convert Muslims to Hinduism by Hindu fundamentalist organizations (Gupta, 2009).}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|last=George|first=Cherian|title=Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-0-262-33607-9|pages=96–101|language=en|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hate_Spin/M4wnDQAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>{{rp|96–97|q=The "love jihad" is a bizarre myth about a Muslim campaign to conquer Hindus by stealing their girls, one heart at a time. [...] It is apparently easier to blame a mythical love jihad conspiracy than to confront uglier truths—that the obsession with social status sometimes turns young romance into needless tragedy; or that poverty and ignorance makes families easy prey for dowry-bearing human traffickers.}}<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Zimdars|first1=Melissa|title=Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age|last2=McLeod|first2=Kembrew|author-link2=Kembrew McLeod|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|date=24 January 2020|isbn=978-0-262-53836-7|pages=147–148|language=en|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fake_News/1WPMDwAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145109/https://www.ocregister.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/cropped-ocr_icon11.jpg?w=192|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|147|q=Elaborate and influential conspiracy theories have been manufactured in the United States by the Islamophobia industry about the incursion of sharia law; in India, by the Hindu Right about Muslim men mounting "love jihad" on Hindu women and girls; in Indonesia, by Muslim hard-liners about a resurgent communist threat; and in Europe, by anti-immigrant groups against sexual predators or "rapefugees."}}<ref name=":52">{{Cite book|last=Anand|first=Dibyesh|chapter=Pornosexualizing "The Muslim"|title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-230-60385-1|pages=63–69|language=en|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hindu_Nationalism_in_India_and_the_Polit/BYbFAAAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624144955/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hindu_Nationalism_in_India_and_the_Polit/BYbFAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|69|q=If they are not conjuring this story up, why not encourage the Hindutva youth to search for the Maulavi who they accuse of ordering Muslim men to seduce Hindu girls? They do no such thing because it is clear that they are indulging in scare mongering. In the blogosphere, the tales of a love jihad conspiracy circulate without any serious questioning of what the evidence is. One extremist Web site quotes another, and when you check the second one, they would cite the first one.}}<ref name="George 2017">{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Cherian |title=Journalism's crisis of reason |journal=Media Asia |date=3 April 2017 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2017.1463620 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01296612.2017.1463620 |url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Routledge]] |s2cid=158269410 |issn=0129-6612 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611172909/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01296612.2017.1463620 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|74|q=One example of clever disinformation is the "love jihad" conspiracy theory. The story is that young Muslim men are seducing away innocent Hindu girls and then forcing them to convert to Islam. The grand plan is to turn India, which is now almost 80% Hindu, into a Muslim nation.}}<ref name="Television & New Media">{{cite journal |last1=Udupa |first1=Sahana |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Shriram |last3=Khan |first3=Aasim |title="Millennial India": Global Digital Politics in Context |journal=[[Television & New Media]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |date=11 September 2019 |volume=21 |issue=4 |page=353 |doi=10.1177/1527476419870516 |doi-access=free |quote=Vigilante action is targeted against what right-wing attackers describe as "love jihad," finding cause in the conspiracy theory of conniving Muslim men seducing gullible Hindu women into marriage and submission. "Love jihad" is a violent expression of the broader politics of regulating female sexuality—a core element of online Hindu nationalism manifest variously as shaming and abuse (Udupa 2017). }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=M. Mohsin Alam |title=The Case for Collecting Hate Crimes Data in India |journal=Law & Policy Brief |date=1 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=9 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3367329 |access-date=21 February 2021 |publisher=[[O. P. Jindal Global University]] |ssrn=3367329 |language=en |via=[[Social Science Research Network]] |quote=A Muslim migrant worker was bludgeoned to death and his dead body set on fire, with all this being recorded on video, while his attacker blamed him for "love jihad" — a phrase used by the extremist members of Hindu right-wing organizations to refer to a conspiracy theory that Muslims are forcibly or fraudulently converting Hindu women on the pretext of marriage. |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401185959/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3367329 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Purewal 2020">{{cite web|last1=Purewal|first1=Navtej K.|date=3 September 2020|title=Indian Matchmaking: a show about arranged marriages can't ignore the political reality in India|url=http://theconversation.com/indian-matchmaking-a-show-about-arranged-marriages-cant-ignore-the-political-reality-in-india-144441|access-date=19 September 2020|website=[[The Conversation UK]]|quote=One popular conspiracy theory shared by the Hindu right is "Love Jihad". This is the idea that Muslim men target women belonging to non-Muslim communities to convert them to Islam by feigning love. It is an invention to incite suspicion and hatred against Muslims in India.|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911172440/https://theconversation.com/indian-matchmaking-a-show-about-arranged-marriages-cant-ignore-the-political-reality-in-india-144441|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Byatnal|first1=Amruta|date=13 October 2013|title=Hindutva vigilantes target Hindu-Muslim couples|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hindutva-vigilantes-target-hindumuslim-couples/article5231849.ece|access-date=19 September 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=They see themselves as warriors against what they call "Love Jihad," a conspiracy theory floated by Hindutva groups like the Hindu Janjagruti Samiti which claims that Muslim men lure Hindu women into marriage with the aim of increasing their own population.|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190514/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hindutva-vigilantes-target-hindumuslim-couples/article5231849.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>|name=conspiracy theory}} ये सिद्धांत भारत और गैर-मुस्लिम देशों में लोकप्रिय है। इसके अंदर माना जाता है की मुस्लिम पुरुष, गैर-मुस्लिम समुदायों से जुड़ी महिलाओं और लड़कियों का इस्लाम में धर्म बदलने के लिए उन्हे चुन रहे हैं। {{refn|<ref name=":22" /><ref name="Strohl 2018" />{{rp|4|q=As I explore below, a variety of moral entrepreneurs further the Hindutva cause by stoking fears about love jihad to further marginalize Muslims, mobilize Hindu voters, and renew people's commitments to traditional religious values. I situate these activities within a broader range of Hindutva campaigns in contemporary India and discuss the ways in which earlier Hindu majoritarian campaigns to 'save' women prefigure the current uproar about love jihad.}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika|date=1 July 2018|title=Is Love without Borders Possible?|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41305-018-0120-0|journal=[[Feminist Review]]|language=en|volume=119|issue=1|pages=7–19|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0120-0|s2cid=149827310|issn=0141-7789|via=[[SAGE Journals]]|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145034/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/s41305-018-0120-0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last=Waikar|first=Prashant|year=2018|title=Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: An Analysis of Narendra Modi's Political Discourse|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161|journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal|volume=4|issue=2|pages=161–180|doi=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161|jstor=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161|issn=2325-8381|via=[[JSTOR]]|access-date=9 January 2021|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326154334/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
'''लव जिहाद या रोमियो जिहाद''',{{refn |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khatun |first=Nadira |date=14 December 2018 |title='Love-Jihad' and Bollywood: Constructing Muslims as 'Other' |url=https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol22/iss3/8 |journal=Journal of Religion & Film |publisher=University of Nebraska Omaha |volume=22 |issue=3 |issn=1092-1311 }}</ref><ref name="Charu Gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Charu |year=2009 |title=Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=51 |pages=13–15 |jstor=25663907 |issn=0012-9976 }}</ref><ref name="Mohan Rao">{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Mohan |date=1 October 2011 |title=Love Jihad and Demographic Fears |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=425–430 |doi=10.1177/097152151101800307 |s2cid=144012623 |issn=0971-5215}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khalid |first=Saif |date=24 August 2017 |title=The Hadiya case and the myth of 'Love Jihad' in India |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/hadiya-case-myth-love-jihad-india-170823181612279.html |work=Al Jazeera }}</ref>}} हिंदुत्व वादियों द्वारा गठित एक मनगढ़ंत इस्लामोफोबिक{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" />{{rp |226–227 |q=The exponents of this conspiracy assert that innocent Hindu women are converted to Islam in order to increase the Muslim population, thereby waging jihad or holy war against Hindus (Gupta, 2009). By evoking demographic fears and anxiety, this campaign demonizes Muslims and works to advance the patriarchal idea of saving Hindu girls from an imagined Muslim menace (Das, 2010).}}<ref name="Jenkins 2019">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Laura Dudley |chapter=Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J22RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India |year=2019 |doi=10.9783/9780812296006-007 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-9600-6 |s2cid=242173559 |quote=The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge."}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Ajita |title=Afrazul's murder: Law and love jihad |journal=Jindal Global Law Review |date=1 April 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=77–95 |doi=10.1007/s41020-020-00114-5 |publisher=Springer |s2cid=220512241 |quote=The fake claim by the Hindu right-wing that love jihad forces Hindu women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam is perpetuating an already existing anti-Muslim narrative in the country. The love jihad phenomenon has thus become a tool of hate and anger towards Muslims. Afrazul's killing by Raigher is an extreme demonstration of this form of hate and anger towards Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="Upadhyay 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Nishant |title=Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India |journal=Interventions |date=18 May 2020 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=464–480 |doi=10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749709 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43040799 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=218822737 |via=Academia.edu |quote=Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence, some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men. For instance, the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the "love jihad" is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men, as the latter are imagined/blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage (Gupta 2018b, 85). Needless to say, these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right.}}</ref><ref name="Frydenlund 2018">{{cite book |last1=Frydenlund |first1=Iselin |editor1-first=Asbjørn |editor1-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=David G. |editor2-last=Robertson |editor3-first=Egil |editor3-last=Asprem |chapter=Buddhist Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |year=2018 |pages=279–302 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004382022 |s2cid=201409140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoN1DwAAQBAJ |via=Academia.edu |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37554959}}</ref>{{rp |289 |q=The third trope concerns capitalism and market competition, while the latter three consider another aspect of global Islamophobic discourses, namely that there is a plot to spread Islam around the world through population growth, or so-called Demographic Jihad. This in turn can be divided into three subfields according to the means by which Muslims are claimed to use in their Demographic Jihad to eradicate Buddhism: 'Birth Jihad', 'Rape Jihad', and 'Love Jihad'.}}|name=Islamophobia}} साजिश सिद्धांत है।{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi">{{Cite book |last=Farokhi |first=Zeinab |chapter=Hindu Nationalism, News Channels, and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case Study of "Love Jihad" |editor-last=Boler |editor-first=Megan |pages=226–239 |editor-last2=Davis |editor-first2=Elizabeth |title=Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-016917-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8T2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |chapter-url-access=limited }}</ref>{{rp |226–227 |q=This chapter examines the conspiracy theory of "Love Jihad" across traditional and social media discourse in India as a way to show how affective strategies promoting Islamophobia are employed through logics of "digital governmentality" (Badouard et al., 2016). "Love Jihad" is a campaign started by right-wing Hindu nationalists in 2009 (Gökarıksel et al., 2019) alleging that Muslim men feign love to lure non-Muslim women to marry them in order to convert them to Islam (Rao, 2011).}}<ref name="Strohl 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Strohl |first=David James |date=11 October 2018 |title=Love jihad in India's moral imaginaries: religion, kinship, and citizenship in late liberalism |journal=Contemporary South Asia |publisher=Routledge |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=27–39 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209 |s2cid=149838857 |issn=0958-4935 }}</ref>{{rp |1–2 |q=Since at least 2009, a host of activists have used grassroots campaigns and mass-media to spread rumors throughout India of a vast conspiracy by the Muslim community to train young men to seduce, marry, and convert Hindu women. Some politicians and activists draw on these conspiracy theories to drum up support from Hindus in electoral campaigns and to fuel moralizing crusades throughout the country aimed at saving women from these imagined threats.}}<ref name="Nair Vollhardt">{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Rashmi |last2=Vollhardt |first2=Johanna Ray |date=6 May 2019 |title=Intersectional Consciousness in Collective Victim Beliefs: Perceived Intragroup Differences Among Disadvantaged Groups |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332904170 |journal=Political Psychology |publisher=Wiley |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=2 |doi=10.1111/pops.12593 |s2cid=164693982 |via=ResearchGate |quote=Muslims form about 15% of India's population and have suffered severe marginalization in education and employment, since the partition of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947 (Alam, 2010). They have since faced recurrent riots (Varshney, 2003). Other hostilities include false accusations of love jihad (a conspiracy theory claiming Muslim men feign love with non-Muslim women to convert them to Islam) and attempts to convert Muslims to Hinduism by Hindu fundamentalist organizations (Gupta, 2009).}}</ref><ref name="George hate spin">{{Cite book |last=George |first=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |title=Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy |publisher=MIT Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-262-33607-9 |pages=96–101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4wnDQAAQBAJ |url-access=limited }}</ref>{{rp |96–97 |q=The "love jihad" is a bizarre myth about a Muslim campaign to conquer Hindus by stealing their girls, one heart at a time. [...] It is apparently easier to blame a mythical love jihad conspiracy than to confront uglier truths—that the obsession with social status sometimes turns young romance into needless tragedy; or that poverty and ignorance makes families easy prey for dowry-bearing human traffickers.}}<ref name="George scourge">{{Cite book |last=George |first=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |chapter=The Scourge of Disinformation-Assisted Hate Propaganda |editor-last1=Zimdars |editor-first1=Melissa |editor-last2=McLeod |editor-first2=Kembrew |editor-link2=Kembrew McLeod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WPMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |title=Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age |publisher=MIT Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-262-53836-7 |pages=147–148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WPMDwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited }}</ref>{{rp |147 |q=Elaborate and influential conspiracy theories have been manufactured in the United States by the Islamophobia industry about the incursion of sharia law; in India, by the Hindu Right about Muslim men mounting "love jihad" on Hindu women and girls; in Indonesia, by Muslim hard-liners about a resurgent communist threat; and in Europe, by anti-immigrant groups against sexual predators or "rapefugees."}}<ref name="Dibyesh Anand">{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Dibyesh |chapter=Pornosexualizing "The Muslim" |title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-60385-1 |pages=51, 63–69 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYbFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51}}</ref>{{rp |69 |q=If they are not conjuring this story up, why not encourage the Hindutva youth to search for the Maulavi who they accuse of ordering Muslim men to seduce Hindu girls? They do no such thing because it is clear that they are indulging in scare mongering. In the blogosphere, the tales of a love jihad conspiracy circulate without any serious questioning of what the evidence is. One extremist Web site quotes another, and when you check the second one, they would cite the first one.}}<ref name="George 2017">{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |title=Journalism's crisis of reason |journal=Media Asia |date=3 April 2017 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2017.1463620 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=158269410 |issn=0129-6612 }}</ref>{{rp |74 |q=One example of clever disinformation is the "love jihad" conspiracy theory. The story is that young Muslim men are seducing away innocent Hindu girls and then forcing them to convert to Islam. The grand plan is to turn India, which is now almost 80% Hindu, into a Muslim nation.}}<ref name="Television & New Media">{{cite journal |last1=Udupa |first1=Sahana |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Shriram |last3=Khan |first3=Aasim |title="Millennial India": Global Digital Politics in Context |journal=Television & New Media |publisher=SAGE |date=11 September 2019 |volume=21 |issue=4 |page=353 |doi=10.1177/1527476419870516 |doi-access=free |quote=Vigilante action is targeted against what right-wing attackers describe as "love jihad," finding cause in the conspiracy theory of conniving Muslim men seducing gullible Hindu women into marriage and submission. "Love jihad" is a violent expression of the broader politics of regulating female sexuality—a core element of online Hindu nationalism manifest variously as shaming and abuse (Udupa 2017). }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=M. Mohsin Alam |title=The Case for Collecting Hate Crimes Data in India |journal=Law & Policy Brief |date=1 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=9 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3367329 |publisher=[[O. P. Jindal Global University]] |ssrn=3367329 |via=Social Science Research Network |quote=A Muslim migrant worker was bludgeoned to death and his dead body set on fire, with all this being recorded on video, while his attacker blamed him for "love jihad" — a phrase used by the extremist members of Hindu right-wing organizations to refer to a conspiracy theory that Muslims are forcibly or fraudulently converting Hindu women on the pretext of marriage. }}</ref><ref name="Purewal 2020">{{cite news |last1=Purewal |first1=Navtej K. |date=3 September 2020 |title=Indian Matchmaking: a show about arranged marriages can't ignore the political reality in India |url=http://theconversation.com/indian-matchmaking-a-show-about-arranged-marriages-cant-ignore-the-political-reality-in-india-144441 |work=The Conversation UK |quote=One popular conspiracy theory shared by the Hindu right is "Love Jihad". This is the idea that Muslim men target women belonging to non-Muslim communities to convert them to Islam by feigning love. It is an invention to incite suspicion and hatred against Muslims in India. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Byatnal |first1=Amruta |date=13 October 2013 |title=Hindutva vigilantes target Hindu-Muslim couples |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hindutva-vigilantes-target-hindumuslim-couples/article5231849.ece |issn=0971-751X |quote=They see themselves as warriors against what they call "Love Jihad," a conspiracy theory floated by Hindutva groups like the Hindu Janjagruti Samiti which claims that Muslim men lure Hindu women into marriage with the aim of increasing their own population. }}</ref>|name=conspiracy theory}}{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Strohl 2018" />{{rp |4 |q=As I explore below, a variety of moral entrepreneurs further the Hindutva cause by stoking fears about love jihad to further marginalize Muslims, mobilize Hindu voters, and renew people's commitments to traditional religious values. I situate these activities within a broader range of Hindutva campaigns in contemporary India and discuss the ways in which earlier Hindu majoritarian campaigns to 'save' women prefigure the current uproar about love jihad.}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |date=1 July 2018 |title=Is Love without Borders Possible? |journal=Feminist Review |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=7–19 |doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0120-0 |s2cid=149827310 |issn=0141-7789}}</ref><ref name="Waikar">{{Cite journal |last=Waikar |first=Prashant |year=2018 |title=Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: An Analysis of Narendra Modi's Political Discourse |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=161–180 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161 |jstor=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161 |issn=2325-8381 }}</ref>}} इस मनगढ़ंत सिद्धांत के अनुसार, मुस्लिम पुरुष हिन्दू महिलाओं को धर्मांतरित करने के लिए प्रेम,{{refn |<ref name="George scourge" /><ref name="Dibyesh Anand" /><ref name="Reuters Sep 2014"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmin |first=Amy |date=4 December 2020 |title=Hindu nationalists raise spectre of 'love jihad' with marriage law |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/04e9e662-dc8e-4d62-b243-bc918782f8e9 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201204035221/https://www.ft.com/content/04e9e662-dc8e-4d62-b243-bc918782f8e9 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>}} प्यार का दिखावा,{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Nair Vollhardt" /><ref name="Purewal 2020" /><ref name="Ledig" />}} धोखे,{{refn |<ref name="Waikar" /><ref name="Reuters Sep 2014" />}} अपहरण {{refn |<ref name="Charu Gupta" /><ref name="Inderpal Grewal">{{cite news |last=Grewal |first=Inderpal |author-link=Inderpal Grewal |date=7 October 2014 |title=Narendra Modi's BJP: Fake Feminism and 'Love Jihad' Rumors |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/narendra-modis-bjp-fake-f_b_5940276 |work=Huffington Post }}</ref><ref name="Banaji">{{Cite journal |last=Banaji |first=Shakuntala |date=2 October 2018 |title=Vigilante Publics: Orientalism, Modernity and Hindutva Fascism in India |journal=Javnost – the Public |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=333–350 |doi=10.1080/13183222.2018.1463349 |issn=1318-3222 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}और शादी{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Waikar" /><ref name="Sudha Ramachandran">{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=Sudha |year=2020 |title=Hindutva Violence in India: Trends and Implications |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=15–20 |jstor=26918077 |issn=2382-6444 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravindran |first=Gopalan |title=Deleuzian and Guattarian Approaches to Contemporary Communication Cultures in India |publisher=Springer |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxHUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |isbn=978-981-15-2140-9 |pages=78}}</ref>}} जैसे तरीकों से लुभाते हैं। इसका उद्देश्य हिन्दुस्थान के खिलाफ मुस्लिमों द्वारा एक जनसांख्यिकीय "युद्ध"{{refn|<ref name="Mohan Rao" /><ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Priya Chacko">{{Cite journal |last=Chacko |first=Priya |date=March 2019 |title=Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=377–410 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000051 |hdl=2440/117274 |s2cid=149588748 |issn=0026-749X |hdl-access=free}}</ref>}} और अंतरराष्ट्रीय साजिश{{refn|<ref name="Charu Gupta" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Punwani |first=Jyoti |year=2014 |title=Myths and Prejudices about 'Love Jihad' |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=42 |pages=12–15 |jstor=24480870 |issn=0012-9976 }}</ref><ref name="Jayal 33–50">{{Cite journal |last=Jayal |first=Niraja Gopal |date=2 January 2019 |title=Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874 |issn=0085-6401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} के तहत वर्चस्व स्थापित करना है।{{refn|<ref name="Signs">{{Cite journal |last1=Gökarıksel |first1=Banu |last2=Neubert |first2=Christopher |last3=Smith |first3=Sara |date=15 February 2019 |title=Demographic Fever Dreams: Fragile Masculinity and Population Politics in the Rise of the Global Right |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/701154 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=561–587 |doi=10.1086/701154 |s2cid=151053220 |issn=0097-9740 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maiorano |first=Diego |date=3 April 2015 |title=Early Trends and Prospects for Modi's Prime Ministership |journal=The International Spectator |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=75–92 |doi=10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511 |s2cid=155228179 |issn=0393-2729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tyagi |first1=Aastha |last2=Sen |first2=Atreyee |date=2 January 2020 |title=Love-Jihad (Muslim Sexual Seduction) and ched-chad (sexual harassment): Hindu nationalist discourses and the Ideal/deviant urban citizen in India |journal=Gender, Place & Culture |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=104–125 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2018.1557602 |s2cid=165145583 |issn=0966-369X}}</ref>}}


कॉन्सपिरेसी थ्योरी अपने घृणा अभियान को संचालित करने के लिए दुष्प्रचार पर निर्भर करती है।<ref name="George scourge2" /> इसे इतिहास के अन्य नफरत अभियानों और समकालीन सफेद जातीवादी साजिश सिद्धांतों और यूरो-अमेरिकन इस्लामोफोबिया के समानताओं के लिए जाना जाता है।<ref name="Farokhi3" /><ref name="George scourge2" /><ref name="Signs2" /> इसमें मुस्लिमों का प्रतीकात्मक रूप में वाहियात और अतिसंयमी दिखावा किया जाता है,<ref name="Ledig2" /> इसका पत्रिसंबंधी धारणा है कि हिंदू महिलाएं निष्क्रिय और पीड़ित होती हैं। इसके विपरीत, इसमें "महिलाओं के वैध प्यार और अपनी पसंद के अधिकार के लिए किसी भी संभावना को नजरअंदाज किया जाता है"।<ref name="Charu Gupta2" /> परिणामस्वरूप यह 2013 के मुजफ्फरनगर दंगों {{refn|name=third}}सहित हमलों, हत्याओं और अन्य हिंसक घटनाओं का कारण रहा है।{{refn|<ref name="Strohl 2018" />{{rp |2 |q=Other right-wing activists use the hysteria surrounding love jihad to file false legal cases and launch vigilante campaigns against women and men in inter-religious relationships.}}<ref name="Television & New Media" /><ref name="Bloomberg" /><ref name="Waikar" /><ref name="Banaji" /><ref name="Sudha Ramachandran" /><ref name="Jayal 33–50" />}}
लव-जिहाद का मुद्दा भी सबसे पहले दिग्गज वामपंथी नेता [[वीएस अच्युतानंदन]] ने 2010 में पहले उठाया था।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/editorial/apnibaat-love-jihad-is-big-problem-conversion-of-girls-of-other-religions-through-marriage-is-the-main-objective-21130630.html|title=विकराल होता लव जिहाद का जाल, दूसरे धर्म की लड़कियों का विवाह के जरिये धर्मांतरण ही है मुख्य मकसद}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/editorial/apnibaat-consequences-of-denying-love-jihad-women-in-trouble-trapped-in-risky-relationships-21173713.html|title=लव जिहाद को नकारने के दुष्परिणाम ने युवतियां का जोखिम भरे संबंधों में फंसकर जीवन डाल दिया संकट में}}</ref> फिर केरल के ही कांग्रेसी मुख्यमंत्री [[ओमान चांडी]] ने 25 जून, 2012 को विधानसभा में बताया कि गत छह वर्षों में वहां 2,667 लड़कियों को इस्लाम में धर्मांतरित कराया गया।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=eff63980-f03b-11eb-ae60-7f71f4a6da99__eff63980-f03b-11eb-ae60-7f71f4a6da99&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAyMC0xMS0yNS9pbmRpYS1zLW1vc3QtcG9wdWxvdXMtc3RhdGUtYnJpbmdzLWxhdy10by1maWdodC1sb3ZlLWppaGFk|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2021-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/haryana-draft-anti-love-jihad-law|title=After MP, Haryana Says a Committee Will Draft Anti-'Love Jihad' Law|date=18 November 2020|work=The Wire (India)|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> उत्तर प्रदेश में प्रस्तावित कानून, जिसमें "गैरकानूनी धर्म परिवर्तन" के खिलाफ प्रावधान भी शामिल हैं, एक विवाह को शून्य और शून्य घोषित करता है यदि एकमात्र इरादा "एक लड़की के धर्म को बदलने" का था और यह और मसौदा विधेयक मध्य प्रदेश में सजा का प्रस्ताव रखता है कानून तोड़ने वालों को 10 साल की जेल।<ref>{{Cite news |title='Love jihad': Madhya Pradesh proposes 10-year jail term in draft bill |url=https://scroll.in/latest/979497/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-proposes-10-year-jail-term-in-draft-bill |access-date=27 November 2020 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=26 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2020 |title=UP clears 'love jihad' law: 10-year jail, cancelling marriage if for conversion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-clears-love-jihad-law-10-year-jail-cancelling-marriage-if-for-conversion-7064474/ |first1=Maulshree |last1=Seth |access-date=27 November 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

उत्तर प्रदेश में कानून को गैरकानूनी धार्मिक रूपांतरण अध्यादेश के निषेध के रूप में 28 नवंबर को मंजूरी दी गई थी। मध्य प्रदेश में कानून को दिसंबर 2020 में मंजूरी दी गई थी।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siddique |first1=Iram |title=MP ‘love jihad’ Bill tougher, but limits who can file FIR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mp-love-jihad-bill-tougher-but-limits-who-can-file-fir-7121497/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en |date=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MP approves 'love Jihad' law; up to 10 years of jail, Rs 1 lakh fine for forced conversion |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/mp-approves-love-jihad-law-up-to-10-years-of-jail-rs-1-lakh-fine-for-forced-conversion/story/426144.html |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=13 February 2021 |date=27 December 2020 |via=''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''}}</ref>
2009 में{{refn|<ref name="Dibyesh Anand" /><ref name="Signs" />}} डर और व्याकुलता को बढ़ावा देने के अभियान के एक हिस्से के रूप में यह साजिश स्थापित की गई थी, और सनातन प्रभात और हिंदू जनजागृति समिति वेबसाइट जैसे हिंदुत्व प्रकाशनों द्वारा प्रसारित की गई थी, जो हिंदुओं को यह कहकर बुलाते थे कि वे मुस्लिम पुरुषों से अपनी महिलाओं की सुरक्षा करें, जिन्हें समवेत रूप से आकर्षक प्रलोभक और अश्लील बलात्कारियों के रूप में दर्शाया गया था।<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYbFAAAAQBAJ|title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear|last=Anand|first=Dibyesh|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2011|isbn=978-0-230-60385-1|pages=51, 63–69|chapter=Pornosexualizing "The Muslim"|url-access=limited}}</ref> राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ और विश्व हिंदू परिषद जैसे संगठनों को इसकी प्रसारण में भारत और विदेश में योगदान के रूप में मान्यता प्राप्त हुई है।{{refn|<ref name="Banaji" /><ref name="Priya Chacko" />}} 2014 तक यह साजिश उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य में महत्वपूर्ण विश्वास बन गई थी और इसने राज्य में भारतीय जनता पार्टी के प्रचार में योगदान किया।<ref name="George hate spin2" />

प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी के नेतृत्व में भारतीय जनता पार्टी के चुनाव के बाद, इस अवधारणा को भारत में संस्थागत रूप दिया गया।{{refn|<ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Waikar" /><ref name="Signs" />}} टाइम्स नाउ और रिपब्लिक टीवी जैसे दक्षिणपंथी सरकार समर्थक टेलीविजन मीडिया और सोशल मीडिया दुष्प्रचार अभियानों को लोकप्रियता में वृद्धि के लिए जिम्मेदार माना जाता है।<ref name="Farokhi3" /> कई राज्यों में इस मनगढ़ंत साजिश के खिलाफ कानूनी कार्रवाई शुरू की गई है और योगी आदित्यनाथ सरकार द्वारा उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य में इसका अंतर्धार्मिक विवाहों पर कार्रवाई के साधन के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया गया है,{{refn|<ref name="Wire Nov 2020" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=8 December 2020 |title=Love jihad: The Indian law threatening interfaith love |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55158684 }}</ref>}} जहां इसे मुसलमानों पर राज्य दमन का एक साधन भी बनाया गया है।

म्यांमार में, 969 आंदोलन द्वारा षड्यंत्र के सिद्धांत को बौद्ध महिलाओं के इस्लामीकरण के आरोप के रूप में अपनाया गया है और यह आरोप रोहिंग्या नागरिकों के खिलाफ सैन्य अभियानों के औचित्य के रूप में तत्मादाव द्वारा उपयोग किया गया है।{{refn|<ref name="Frydenlund 2018" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Jeff |title=The Politics of Religion, Nationalism, and Identity in Asia |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4422-7688-8 |pages=117–119}} </ref>}} यह अवधारणा गैर-मुस्लिम भारतीय डायस्पोरा के बीच फैल गई है और हिंदुत्व समूहों और पश्चिमी दूर-दराज़ संगठनों जैसे इंग्लिश डिफेंस लीग के बीच गठजोड़ की स्थापना की है।<ref name="Farokhi3" /> केरल में, इसे कैथोलिक चर्च के पादरियों द्वारा ईसाइयों के बीच अंतर-धार्मिक विवाह को रोकने के लिए आंशिक रूप से अपनाया गया है।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India|last=Jenkins|first=Laura Dudley|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-8122-9600-6|pages=180–215|chapter=Chapter 6. Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor|doi=10.9783/9780812296006-007|s2cid=242173559}}</ref>


== लव जिहाद के खिलाफ कानून ==
== लव जिहाद के खिलाफ कानून ==

08:31, 30 मई 2023 का अवतरण

लव जिहाद या रोमियो जिहाद,[5] हिंदुत्व वादियों द्वारा गठित एक मनगढ़ंत इस्लामोफोबिक[11] साजिश सिद्धांत है।[22][25] इस मनगढ़ंत सिद्धांत के अनुसार, मुस्लिम पुरुष हिन्दू महिलाओं को धर्मांतरित करने के लिए प्रेम,[28] प्यार का दिखावा,[30] धोखे,[31] अपहरण [34]और शादी[37] जैसे तरीकों से लुभाते हैं। इसका उद्देश्य हिन्दुस्थान के खिलाफ मुस्लिमों द्वारा एक जनसांख्यिकीय "युद्ध"[39] और अंतरराष्ट्रीय साजिश[42] के तहत वर्चस्व स्थापित करना है।[46]

कॉन्सपिरेसी थ्योरी अपने घृणा अभियान को संचालित करने के लिए दुष्प्रचार पर निर्भर करती है।[47] इसे इतिहास के अन्य नफरत अभियानों और समकालीन सफेद जातीवादी साजिश सिद्धांतों और यूरो-अमेरिकन इस्लामोफोबिया के समानताओं के लिए जाना जाता है।[48][47][49] इसमें मुस्लिमों का प्रतीकात्मक रूप में वाहियात और अतिसंयमी दिखावा किया जाता है,[50] इसका पत्रिसंबंधी धारणा है कि हिंदू महिलाएं निष्क्रिय और पीड़ित होती हैं। इसके विपरीत, इसमें "महिलाओं के वैध प्यार और अपनी पसंद के अधिकार के लिए किसी भी संभावना को नजरअंदाज किया जाता है"।[51] परिणामस्वरूप यह 2013 के मुजफ्फरनगर दंगों [52]सहित हमलों, हत्याओं और अन्य हिंसक घटनाओं का कारण रहा है।[54]

2009 में[55] डर और व्याकुलता को बढ़ावा देने के अभियान के एक हिस्से के रूप में यह साजिश स्थापित की गई थी, और सनातन प्रभात और हिंदू जनजागृति समिति वेबसाइट जैसे हिंदुत्व प्रकाशनों द्वारा प्रसारित की गई थी, जो हिंदुओं को यह कहकर बुलाते थे कि वे मुस्लिम पुरुषों से अपनी महिलाओं की सुरक्षा करें, जिन्हें समवेत रूप से आकर्षक प्रलोभक और अश्लील बलात्कारियों के रूप में दर्शाया गया था।[56] राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ और विश्व हिंदू परिषद जैसे संगठनों को इसकी प्रसारण में भारत और विदेश में योगदान के रूप में मान्यता प्राप्त हुई है।[57] 2014 तक यह साजिश उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य में महत्वपूर्ण विश्वास बन गई थी और इसने राज्य में भारतीय जनता पार्टी के प्रचार में योगदान किया।[58]

प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी के नेतृत्व में भारतीय जनता पार्टी के चुनाव के बाद, इस अवधारणा को भारत में संस्थागत रूप दिया गया।[59] टाइम्स नाउ और रिपब्लिक टीवी जैसे दक्षिणपंथी सरकार समर्थक टेलीविजन मीडिया और सोशल मीडिया दुष्प्रचार अभियानों को लोकप्रियता में वृद्धि के लिए जिम्मेदार माना जाता है।[48] कई राज्यों में इस मनगढ़ंत साजिश के खिलाफ कानूनी कार्रवाई शुरू की गई है और योगी आदित्यनाथ सरकार द्वारा उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य में इसका अंतर्धार्मिक विवाहों पर कार्रवाई के साधन के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया गया है,[62] जहां इसे मुसलमानों पर राज्य दमन का एक साधन भी बनाया गया है।

म्यांमार में, 969 आंदोलन द्वारा षड्यंत्र के सिद्धांत को बौद्ध महिलाओं के इस्लामीकरण के आरोप के रूप में अपनाया गया है और यह आरोप रोहिंग्या नागरिकों के खिलाफ सैन्य अभियानों के औचित्य के रूप में तत्मादाव द्वारा उपयोग किया गया है।[64] यह अवधारणा गैर-मुस्लिम भारतीय डायस्पोरा के बीच फैल गई है और हिंदुत्व समूहों और पश्चिमी दूर-दराज़ संगठनों जैसे इंग्लिश डिफेंस लीग के बीच गठजोड़ की स्थापना की है।[48] केरल में, इसे कैथोलिक चर्च के पादरियों द्वारा ईसाइयों के बीच अंतर-धार्मिक विवाह को रोकने के लिए आंशिक रूप से अपनाया गया है।[65]

लव जिहाद के खिलाफ कानून

25 नवंबर 2020 तक, चार भाजपा शासित राज्य: उत्तर प्रदेश, मध्य प्रदेश, हरियाणा और कर्नाटक, विवाह के माध्यम से "जबरन धर्मांतरण" को रोकने के लिए बनाए गए कानूनों को आमतौर पर "लव जिहाद" कानूनों के रूप में संदर्भित करते थे।

आधिकारिक जांच

भारत

अगस्त 2017 में, राष्ट्रीय जांच एजेंसी (NIA) ने एक सामान्य "मेंटर" का पता लगाया है जो कुछ लव जिहाद मामलों में "Popular Front of India" नामक रेडिकल संगठन से जुड़ी एक महिला थी।[66] एक बाद में दी गई The Economist की एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, "बार-बार होने वाली पुलिस जांचों ने परिवर्तन के किसी संगठित योजना के कोई सबूत नहीं पाए हैं। पत्रकारों ने बार-बार 'लव जिहाद' के दावों को सबसे अधिक संभावित रूप में अहंकारपूर्ण ख्यालों और कम से कम, चुनावी समय में जानबूझकर बनाये गए फर्जी दावों के रूप में प्रकट किया है।"[67] उसी रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, बहुत सारे "लव जिहाद" के दावों के संबंध में एक सामान्य थीम रही है, जिसमें एक बराबर धर्मों के विवाह के खिलाफ उत्तेजित विरोध होता है, जबकि "भारतीय कानून धर्मों के बीच विवाह या स्वेच्छा पूर्वक और सुचेत सहमति के साथ परिवर्तन के खिलाफ कोई बाधा नहीं बनाता। फिर भी, यह विचार फिलहाल भी मान्य है, यहाँ तक कि जब जिन्हें 'पीड़ित' बताया जाता है वे खुद उसे बकवास मानते हैं।"[67]

2022 में, ऑब्जर्वर रिसर्च फाउंडेशन और भारत सरकार ने बताया कि केवल 100-200 भारतीय इस्लामिक स्टेट में शामिल हुए हैं, यह एक ऐसा कम आंकड़ा है जिसके बारे में एक शोधकर्ता ने यह कहा कि "विद्वानों और विशेषज्ञों का आमतौर पर सवाल होता है 'भारतीय मुसलमानों को इस्लामिक स्टेट में शामिल होने से क्या रोक रहा था?'"[68]

हिंदुत्व प्रेम जाल

यह भी देखें: हिंदुत्व प्रेम जाल

राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ के सहयोगियों ने कहा है कि उन्होंने मुस्लिम महिलाओं के साथ हिंदू पुरुषों से शादी करने के लिए हिंदुत्व प्रेम जाल अभियान शुरू किया है। [69] अभियान से जुड़े मामले उत्तर प्रदेश (यूपी) के विभिन्न हिस्सों से सामने आए, जहां मुस्लिम महिलाओं का बलात्कार और अपहरण हुआ है। इन घटनाओं के अपराधियों को कथित तौर पर इन सहयोगी कंपनियों के सदस्य होने का आरोप लगाया गया है, जिन्हें उनकी गतिविधियों के लिए संबद्ध कंपनियों द्वारा पुरस्कृत किया जा रहा है। कुशीनगर जिले में 2014 से अक्टूबर 2016 के बीच कम उम्र की मुस्लिम लड़कियों के लापता होने या अपहरण के 389 मामले पुलिस ने दर्ज किए हैं., और इसी तरह की प्रवृत्ति पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश के कई जिलों में, उच्च सांप्रदायिक तनाव वाले क्षेत्रों में पाई गई।

सन्दर्भ

  1. ↑ Khatun, Nadira (14 December 2018). "'Love-Jihad' and Bollywood: Constructing Muslims as 'Other'". Journal of Religion & Film. University of Nebraska Omaha. 22 (3). आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 1092-1311.
  2. ↑ अ आ इ Gupta, Charu (2009). "Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions". Economic and Political Weekly. 44 (51): 13–15. JSTOR 25663907. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0012-9976.
  3. ↑ अ आ Rao, Mohan (1 October 2011). "Love Jihad and Demographic Fears". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 18 (3): 425–430. S2CID 144012623. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0971-5215. डीओआइ:10.1177/097152151101800307.
  4. ↑ Khalid, Saif (24 August 2017). "The Hadiya case and the myth of 'Love Jihad' in India". Al Jazeera.
  5. ↑ [1][2][3][4]
  6. ↑ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए Farokhi, Zeinab (2020). "Hindu Nationalism, News Channels, and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case Study of "Love Jihad"". प्रकाशित Boler, Megan; Davis, Elizabeth (संपा॰). Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means. Routledge. पपृ॰ 226–239. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-00-016917-1.
  7. ↑ Jenkins, Laura Dudley (2019). "Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor". Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. S2CID 242173559. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-8122-9600-6. डीओआइ:10.9783/9780812296006-007. The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge."
  8. ↑ Sharma, Ajita (1 April 2020). "Afrazul's murder: Law and love jihad". Jindal Global Law Review. Springer. 11 (1): 77–95. S2CID 220512241. डीओआइ:10.1007/s41020-020-00114-5. The fake claim by the Hindu right-wing that love jihad forces Hindu women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam is perpetuating an already existing anti-Muslim narrative in the country. The love jihad phenomenon has thus become a tool of hate and anger towards Muslims. Afrazul's killing by Raigher is an extreme demonstration of this form of hate and anger towards Muslims.
  9. ↑ Upadhyay, Nishant (18 May 2020). "Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India". Interventions. Routledge. 22 (4): 464–480. S2CID 218822737. डीओआइ:10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749709 – वाया Academia.edu. Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence, some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men. For instance, the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the "love jihad" is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men, as the latter are imagined/blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage (Gupta 2018b, 85). Needless to say, these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right.
  10. ↑ अ आ Frydenlund, Iselin (2018). "Buddhist Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts". प्रकाशित Dyrendal, Asbjørn; Robertson, David G.; Asprem, Egil (संपा॰). Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 17. Brill. पपृ॰ 279–302. S2CID 201409140. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 9789004382022. डीओआइ:10.1163/9789004382022_014 – वाया Academia.edu.
  11. ↑ [6]:226–227 [7][8][9][10]:289
  12. ↑ अ आ इ Strohl, David James (11 October 2018). "Love jihad in India's moral imaginaries: religion, kinship, and citizenship in late liberalism". Contemporary South Asia. Routledge. 27 (1): 27–39. S2CID 149838857. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0958-4935. डीओआइ:10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209.
  13. ↑ अ आ Nair, Rashmi; Vollhardt, Johanna Ray (6 May 2019). "Intersectional Consciousness in Collective Victim Beliefs: Perceived Intragroup Differences Among Disadvantaged Groups". Political Psychology. Wiley. 40 (5): 2. S2CID 164693982. डीओआइ:10.1111/pops.12593 – वाया ResearchGate. Muslims form about 15% of India's population and have suffered severe marginalization in education and employment, since the partition of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947 (Alam, 2010). They have since faced recurrent riots (Varshney, 2003). Other hostilities include false accusations of love jihad (a conspiracy theory claiming Muslim men feign love with non-Muslim women to convert them to Islam) and attempts to convert Muslims to Hinduism by Hindu fundamentalist organizations (Gupta, 2009).
  14. ↑ George, Cherian (2016). Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy. MIT Press. पपृ॰ 96–101. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-262-33607-9.
  15. ↑ अ आ George, Cherian (2020). "The Scourge of Disinformation-Assisted Hate Propaganda". प्रकाशित Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew (संपा॰). Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age. MIT Press. पपृ॰ 147–148. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-262-53836-7.
  16. ↑ अ आ इ Anand, Dibyesh (2011). "Pornosexualizing "The Muslim"". Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. Palgrave Macmillan. पपृ॰ 51, 63–69. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-230-60385-1.
  17. ↑ George, Cherian (3 April 2017). "Journalism's crisis of reason". Media Asia. Routledge. 44 (2): 71–78. S2CID 158269410. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0129-6612. डीओआइ:10.1080/01296612.2017.1463620.
  18. ↑ अ आ Udupa, Sahana; Venkatraman, Shriram; Khan, Aasim (11 September 2019). ""Millennial India": Global Digital Politics in Context". Television & New Media. SAGE. 21 (4): 353. डीओआइ:10.1177/1527476419870516. Vigilante action is targeted against what right-wing attackers describe as "love jihad," finding cause in the conspiracy theory of conniving Muslim men seducing gullible Hindu women into marriage and submission. "Love jihad" is a violent expression of the broader politics of regulating female sexuality—a core element of online Hindu nationalism manifest variously as shaming and abuse (Udupa 2017).
  19. ↑ Bhat, M. Mohsin Alam (1 September 2018). "The Case for Collecting Hate Crimes Data in India". Law & Policy Brief. O. P. Jindal Global University. 4 (9). SSRN 3367329 – वाया Social Science Research Network. A Muslim migrant worker was bludgeoned to death and his dead body set on fire, with all this being recorded on video, while his attacker blamed him for "love jihad" — a phrase used by the extremist members of Hindu right-wing organizations to refer to a conspiracy theory that Muslims are forcibly or fraudulently converting Hindu women on the pretext of marriage.
  20. ↑ अ आ Purewal, Navtej K. (3 September 2020). "Indian Matchmaking: a show about arranged marriages can't ignore the political reality in India". The Conversation UK. One popular conspiracy theory shared by the Hindu right is "Love Jihad". This is the idea that Muslim men target women belonging to non-Muslim communities to convert them to Islam by feigning love. It is an invention to incite suspicion and hatred against Muslims in India.
  21. ↑ Byatnal, Amruta (13 October 2013). "Hindutva vigilantes target Hindu-Muslim couples". The Hindu. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0971-751X. They see themselves as warriors against what they call "Love Jihad," a conspiracy theory floated by Hindutva groups like the Hindu Janjagruti Samiti which claims that Muslim men lure Hindu women into marriage with the aim of increasing their own population.
  22. ↑ [6]:226–227 [12]:1–2 [13][14]:96–97 [15]:147 [16]:69 [17]:74 [18][19][20][21]
  23. ↑ Sarkar, Tanika (1 July 2018). "Is Love without Borders Possible?". Feminist Review. 119 (1): 7–19. S2CID 149827310. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0141-7789. डीओआइ:10.1057/s41305-018-0120-0.
  24. ↑ अ आ इ ई उ Waikar, Prashant (2018). "Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: An Analysis of Narendra Modi's Political Discourse". Islamophobia Studies Journal. 4 (2): 161–180. JSTOR 10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 2325-8381. डीओआइ:10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161.
  25. ↑ [6][12]:4 [23][24]
  26. ↑ अ आ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Reuters Sep 2014 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  27. ↑ Kazmin, Amy (4 December 2020). "Hindu nationalists raise spectre of 'love jihad' with marriage law". Financial Times. मूल से पुरालेखित 4 December 2020.सीएस1 रखरखाव: अयोग्य यूआरएल (link)
  28. ↑ [15][16][26][27]
  29. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Ledig नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  30. ↑ [6][13][20][29]
  31. ↑ [24][26]
  32. ↑ Grewal, Inderpal (7 October 2014). "Narendra Modi's BJP: Fake Feminism and 'Love Jihad' Rumors". Huffington Post.
  33. ↑ अ आ इ Banaji, Shakuntala (2 October 2018). "Vigilante Publics: Orientalism, Modernity and Hindutva Fascism in India". Javnost – the Public. Taylor & Francis. 25 (4): 333–350. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 1318-3222. डीओआइ:10.1080/13183222.2018.1463349.
  34. ↑ [2][32][33]
  35. ↑ अ आ Ramachandran, Sudha (2020). "Hindutva Violence in India: Trends and Implications". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 12 (4): 15–20. JSTOR 26918077. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 2382-6444.
  36. ↑ Ravindran, Gopalan (2020). Deleuzian and Guattarian Approaches to Contemporary Communication Cultures in India. Springer. पृ॰ 78. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-981-15-2140-9.
  37. ↑ [6][24][35][36]
  38. ↑ अ आ Chacko, Priya (March 2019). "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. hdl:2440/117274. S2CID 149588748. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0026-749X. डीओआइ:10.1017/S0026749X17000051.
  39. ↑ [3][6][38]
  40. ↑ Punwani, Jyoti (2014). "Myths and Prejudices about 'Love Jihad'". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (42): 12–15. JSTOR 24480870. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0012-9976.
  41. ↑ अ आ Jayal, Niraja Gopal (2 January 2019). "Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. Taylor & Francis. 42 (1): 33–50. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0085-6401. डीओआइ:10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874.
  42. ↑ [2][40][41]
  43. ↑ अ आ इ Gökarıksel, Banu; Neubert, Christopher; Smith, Sara (15 February 2019). "Demographic Fever Dreams: Fragile Masculinity and Population Politics in the Rise of the Global Right". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. University of Chicago Press. 44 (3): 561–587. S2CID 151053220. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0097-9740. डीओआइ:10.1086/701154.
  44. ↑ Maiorano, Diego (3 April 2015). "Early Trends and Prospects for Modi's Prime Ministership". The International Spectator. Taylor & Francis. 50 (2): 75–92. S2CID 155228179. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0393-2729. डीओआइ:10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511.
  45. ↑ Tyagi, Aastha; Sen, Atreyee (2 January 2020). "Love-Jihad (Muslim Sexual Seduction) and ched-chad (sexual harassment): Hindu nationalist discourses and the Ideal/deviant urban citizen in India". Gender, Place & Culture. Taylor & Francis. 27 (1): 104–125. S2CID 165145583. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0966-369X. डीओआइ:10.1080/0966369X.2018.1557602.
  46. ↑ [43][44][45]
  47. ↑ अ आ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; George scourge2 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  48. ↑ अ आ इ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Farokhi3 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  49. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Signs2 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  50. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Ledig2 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  51. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Charu Gupta2 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  52. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; third नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  53. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Bloomberg नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  54. ↑ [12]:2 [18][53][24][33][35][41]
  55. ↑ [16][43]
  56. ↑ Anand, Dibyesh (2011). "Pornosexualizing "The Muslim"". Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. Palgrave Macmillan. पपृ॰ 51, 63–69. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-230-60385-1.
  57. ↑ [33][38]
  58. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; George hate spin2 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  59. ↑ [6][24][43]
  60. ↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Wire Nov 2020 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
  61. ↑ Biswas, Soutik (8 December 2020). "Love jihad: The Indian law threatening interfaith love". BBC News.
  62. ↑ [60][61]
  63. ↑ Kingston, Jeff (2019). The Politics of Religion, Nationalism, and Identity in Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. पपृ॰ 117–119. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-4422-7688-8.
  64. ↑ [10][63]
  65. ↑ Jenkins, Laura Dudley (2019). "Chapter 6. Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor". Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. पपृ॰ 180–215. S2CID 242173559. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-8122-9600-6. डीओआइ:10.9783/9780812296006-007.
  66. ↑ "NIA finds a common mentor in Kerala 'love jihad' cases". The Times of India. 2017-08-28. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0971-8257. अभिगमन तिथि 2023-05-29.
  67. ↑ अ आ "India is working itself into a frenzy about interfaith marriages". The Economist. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0013-0613. अभिगमन तिथि 2023-05-29.
  68. ↑ ""'32000 Kerala women in ISIS': Misquotes, flawed math, imaginary figures behind filmmaker's claim"". Alt news. 8 November 2022. मूल से 3 December 2022 को पुरालेखित.
  69. ↑ "RSS affiliate plans to marry 2,100 Muslim women to Hindu men from next week". Scroll.in (अंग्रेज़ी में). मूल से 20 April 2021 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2021-05-24.

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