मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से
Content deleted Content added
10:23, 14 अगस्त 2017 का अवतरण
इस सूची में विभिन्न प्रणालियों में निहित ऊर्जा (जूल में) को [[परिमाण की कोटि] के क्रम में व्यवस्थित किया गया है।
10−34 to 10−1 J
1 to 106 J
107 to 1012 J
1013 to 1018 J
1019 to 1024 J
> 1025 J
SI multiples
SI गुणकः joule (J)
उपगुणक
गुणक
मान
चिह्न
नाम
मान
चिह्न
नाम
10–1 J
dJ
डेसिjoule
101 J
daJ
डेकjoule
10–2 J
cJ
सेंटिjoule
102 J
hJ
हेक्टोjoule
10–3 J
mJ
मिल्लिjoule
103 J
kJ
किलोjoule
10–6 J
µJ
मइक्रोjoule
106 J
MJ
मेगjoule
10–9 J
nJ
नॅनोjoule
109 J
GJ
गिगाjoule
10–12 J
pJ
पीकोjoule
1012 J
TJ
टेरjoule
10–15 J
fJ
फ़ेम्टोjoule
1015 J
PJ
पेटjoule
10–18 J
aJ
एट्टोjoule
1018 J
EJ
एक्सjoule
10–21 J
zJ
ज़ेप्टोjoule
1021 J
ZJ
ज़ेट्टjoule
10–24 J
yJ
योक्टोjoule
1024 J
YJ
योट्टjoule
यह SI इकाई James Prescott Joule के नाम पर बनी है। उन सभी SI इकाइयों की भांति ही, जिनका नाम किसी व्यक्ति-विशेष के नाम से निकला है, इसके चिन्ह का पहला अक्षर बडेक्ष अक्षरों में होगा (J )। जब एक SI इकाई को अंग्रेजी में बताया जाता है, इसे सर्वदा छोटे अक्षरों (joule ) में आरम्भ किया जाना चाहिये, सिवाय जहां कोई शब्द बडेक्ष अक्षरों में होना चाहिये, जैसे कि वाक्यारम्भ में या शीर्षक में। डिग्री सेल्सियस "degree Celsius " में इस नियम का पालन होता है, जहाँ "d" छोटे अक्षरों में लिखा है।
See also
Notes
↑ "Planck's constant | physics | Britannica.com" . britannica.com. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016 .
↑ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1E-10 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-33 J
↑ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 1e6 Hz = 6.6e-28 J. In eV: 6.6e-28 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.1e-9 eV.
↑ "Frequency of a Microwave Oven" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 15 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 2.45e8 Hz = 1.62e-24 J. In eV: 1.62e-24 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.0e-5 eV.
↑ "Boomerang Nebula boasts the coolest spot in the Universe" . JPL. अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-23 J
↑ अ आ इ ई "Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy" . Imagine the Universe . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 15 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 1e3 J / 6.022e23 entities per mole = 1.7e-21 J per entity
↑ Calculated: 1.381e-23 J/K * 298.15 K / 2 = 2.1e-21 J
↑ अ आ इ "Bond Lengths and Energies" . Chem 125 notes . UCLA. अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 2 to 4 kJ/mol = 2e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 3.3e-21 J. In eV: 3.3e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.02 eV. 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.04 eV.
↑ Ansari, Anjum. "Basic Physical Scales Relevant to Cells and Molecules" . Physics 450 . अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 4 to 13 kJ/mol. 4 kJ/mol = 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.042 eV. 13 kJ/mol = 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 2.2e-20 J. In eV: 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.13 eV.
↑ Thomas, S.; Abdalla, F.; Lahav, O. (2010). "Upper Bound of 0.28 eV on Neutrino Masses from the Largest Photometric Redshift Survey". Physical Review Letters . 105 (3): 031301. arXiv :0911.5291 . PMID 20867754 . डीओआइ :10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.031301 . बिबकोड :2010PhRvL.105c1301T .
↑ Calculated: 0.28 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.5e-20 J
↑ "CODATA Value: electron volt" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "BASIC LAB KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS" . अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 . Visible wavelengths are roughly from 390 nm to 780 nm
↑ Calculated: E = h * c / lambda. E_780_nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (780e-9 m) = 2.5e-19 J. E_390 _nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (390e-9 m) = 5.1e-19 J
↑ Calculated: 50 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 3.47e-19 J. (3.47e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 2.2 eV.) and 200 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 1.389e-18 J. (7.64e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 8.68 eV.)
↑ Phillips, Kevin; Jacques, Steven; McCarty, Owen (2012). "How much does a cell weigh?" . Physical Review Letters . American Physical Society. 109 . डीओआइ :10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.118105 . Roughly 27 picograms
↑ Bob Berman. "Our Bodies' Velocities, By the Numbers" . अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2016 . The [...] blood [...] flow[s] at an average speed of 3 to 4 mph
↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 27e-12 g * (3.5 miles per hour)^2 = 3e-15 J
↑ "Physics of the Body" (PDF) . Notre Dame. अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2016 . . "The eardrum is a [...] membran[e] with an area of 65 mm2 ."
↑ "Intensity and the Decibel Scale" . Physics Classroom. अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2016 .
↑ Calculated: two eardrums ≈ 1 cm2 . 1e-6 W/m2 * 1e-4 m2 * 1 s = 1e-14 J
↑ Thomas J Bowles (2000). P. Langacker (संपा॰). Neutrinos in physics and astrophysics: from 10–33 to 1028 cm: TASI 98 : Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1–26 June 1998 . World Scientific. पृ॰ 354. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-981-02-3887-2 . अभिगमन तिथि 11 नवम्बर 2011 . an upper limit ov m_v_u < 170 keV
↑ Calculated: 170e3 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 2.7e-14 J
↑ "electron mass energy equivalent" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Muller, Richard A. (2002). "The Sun, Hydrogen Bombs, and the physics of fusion" . अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 . The neutron comes out with high energy of 14.1 MeV
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ अ आ "Energy From Uranium Fission" . HyperPhysics . अभिगमन तिथि 8 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ अ आ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "proton mass energy equivalent" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "neutron mass energy equivalent" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "deuteron mass energy equivalent" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "alpha particle mass energy equivalent" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 7e-4 g * 9.8 m/s2 * 1e-4 m
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Myers, Stephen. "The LEP Collider" . CERN. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011 . the LEP machine energy is about 50 GeV per beam
↑ Calculated: 50e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 8e-9 J
↑ "W" . PDG Live . Particle Data Group. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; Band, H.; Barnett, R.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Bloch, P.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Caso, C.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M. -C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; d'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; De Gouvêa, A.; Degrand, T. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" . Physics Letters B . 667 : 1–6. डीओआइ :10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018 . बिबकोड :2008PhLB..667....1A .
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ ATLAS; CMS (26 मार्च 2015). "Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass in pp Collisions at √s=7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS Experiments". arXiv :1503.07589 .
↑ Adams, John. "400 GeV Proton Synchrotron" . Excertp from the CERN Annual Report 1976 . CERN. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011 . A circulating proton beam of 400 GeV energy was first achieved in the SPS on 17 June 1976
↑ Calculated: 400e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 6.4e-8 J
↑ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ क "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically" . NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 . 1.355818
↑ "Conversion from eV to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Chocolate bar yardstick" . अभिगमन तिथि 24 जनवरी 2014 . A TeV is actually a very tiny amount of energy. A popular analogy is to a flying mosquito.
↑ "First successful beam at record energy of 6.5 TeV" . अभिगमन तिथि 28 एप्रिल 2015 .
↑ Calculated: 6.5e12 eV per beam * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.04e-6 J
↑ "Coin specifications" . United States Mint. अभिगमन तिथि 2 नवम्बर 2011 . 11.340 g
↑ Calculated: m*g*h = 11.34e-3 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1.1e-1 J
↑ "Apples, raw, with skin (NDB No. 09003)" . USDA Nutrient Database . USDA. मूल से 3 मार्च 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 8 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: m*g*h = 1e-1 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1 J
↑ "Specific Heat of Dry Air" . Engineering Toolbox. अभिगमन तिथि 2 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Footnotes" . NIST Guide to the SI . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Physical Motivations" . ULTRA Home Page (EUSO project) . Dipartimento di Fisica di Torino. अभिगमन तिथि 12 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 5e19 eV * 1.6e-19 J/ev = 8 J
↑ "The Fly's Eye (1981–1993)" . HiRes. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑
Bird, D. J. (मार्च 1995). "Detection of a cosmic ray with measured energy well beyond the expected spectral cutoff due to cosmic microwave radiation" . Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 441, no. 1, p. 144-150. बिबकोड :1995ApJ...441..144B . अभिगमन तिथि 14 फ़रवरी 2014 .
↑ "Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Electronic Flash Units and Strobe Lights and Design Guidelines, Useful Circuits, and Schematics" . अभिगमन तिथि 8 दिसंबर 2011 . The energy storage capacitor for pocket cameras is typically 100 to 400 uF at 330 V (charged to 300 V) with a typical flash energy of 10 W-s.
↑ "Teardown: Digital Camera Canon PowerShot |" . electroelvis.com. 2 सितम्बर 2012. अभिगमन तिथि 6 जून 2013 .
↑ "Ionizing Radiation" . General Chemistry Topic Review: Nuclear Chemistry . Bodner Research Web. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Vertical Jump Test" . Topend Sports. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 . 41–50 cm (males) 31–40 cm (females)
↑ "Mass of an Adult" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011 . 70 kg
↑ Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m*g*h = 70 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 40e-2 m = 274 J
↑ "Latent Heat of Melting of some common Materials" . Engineering Toolbox. अभिगमन तिथि 10 जून 2013 . 334 kJ/kg
↑ "Javelin Throw – Introduction" . IAAF. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Young, Michael. "Developing Event Specific Strength for the Javelin Throw" (PDF) . अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011 . For elite athletes, the velocity of a javelin release has been measured in excess of 30m/s
↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 0.8 kg * (30 m/s)^2 = 360 J
↑ Greenspun, Philip. "Studio Photography" . अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011 . Most serious studio photographers start with about 2000 watts-seconds
↑ "Discus Throw – Introduction" . IAAF. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 2 kg * (24.4 m/s)^2 = 595.4 J
↑ "Shot Put – Introduction" . IAAF. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (14.7 m/s)^2 = 784 J
↑ Kopp, G.; Lean, J. L. (2011). "A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance" (PDF) . Geophysical Research Letters . 38 : n/a. डीओआइ :10.1029/2010GL045777 . बिबकोड :2011GeoRL..38.1706K .
↑ "Intermediate power ammunition for automatic assault rifles" . Modern Firearms . World Guns. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ "Fluids - Latent Heat of Evaporation" . Engineering Toolbox. अभिगमन तिथि 10 जून 2013 . 2257 kJ/kg
↑ powerlabs.org – The PowerLabs Solid State Can Crusher! , 2002
↑ "Hammer Throw – Introduction" . IAAF. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Otto, Ralf M. "HAMMER THROW WR PHOTOSEQUENCE – YURIY SEDYKH" (pdf) . अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 . The total release velocity is 30.7 m/sec
↑ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (30.7 m/s)^2 = 3420 J
↑ अ आ 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * (1 ton/1e6 grams) = 4.2e3 J/gram of TNT-equivalent
↑ ".458 Winchester Magnum" (pdf) . Accurate Powder . Western Powders Inc. अभिगमन तिथि 7 सितम्बर 2010 .
↑ "Battery energy storage in various battery sizes" . AllAboutBatteries.com. अभिगमन तिथि 15 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ "Energy Density of Carbohydrates" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Energy Density of Protein" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Energy Density of Fats" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ अ आ "Energy Density of Gasoline" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e-3 kg) * (1e4 m/s)^2 = 5e4 J.
↑ अ आ "List of Car Weights" . LoveToKnow. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011 . 3000 to 12000 pounds
↑ Calculated: Using car weights of 1 ton to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0e5 J. E = 1/2 * (5e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15e5 J.
↑ Muller, Richard A. "Kinetic Energy in a meteor" . Old Physics 10 notes .
↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * 2e3 kg * (32 m/s)^2 = 1.0e6 J
↑ "Candies, MARS SNACKFOOD US, SNICKERS Bar (NDB No. 19155)" . USDA Nutrient Database . USDA. मूल से 3 मार्च 2015 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ अ आ "How to Balance the Food You Eat and Your Physical Activity and Prevent Obesity" . Healthy Weight Basics . National Heart Lung and Blood Institutde. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 2000 food calories = 2.0e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 8.4e6 J
↑ Calculated: 1/2 * m * v^2 = 1/2 * 48.78 kg * (655 m/s)^2 = 1.0e7 J.
↑ Calculated: 2600 food calories = 2.6e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 1.1e7 J
↑ "Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970–2009" . Annual Energy Review . US Energy Information Administration. 19 अक्टूबर 2011. अभिगमन तिथि 17 दिसंबर 2011 . $28.90 per million BTU
↑ Calculated J per dollar: 1 million BTU/$28.90 = 1e6 BTU / 28.90 dollars * 1.055e3 J/BTU = 3.65e7 J/dollar
↑ Calculated cost per kWh: 1 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh / 3.65e7 J/dollar = 0.0986 dollar/kWh
↑ "Energy in a Cubic Meter of Natural Gas" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 15 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ "The Olympic Diet of Michael Phelps" . WebMD . अभिगमन तिथि 28 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Cline, James E. D. "Energy to Space" . अभिगमन तिथि 13 नवम्बर 2011 . 6.27E7 Joules / Kg
↑ "Tour de France Winners, Podium, Times" . Bike Race Info. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ "Watts/kg" . Flamme Rouge. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 90 hr * 3600 seconds/hr * 5 W/kg * 65 kg = 1.1e8 J
↑ Smith, Chris. "How do Thunderstorms Work?" . The Naked Scientists. अभिगमन तिथि 15 नवम्बर 2011 . It discharges about 1–10 billion joules of energy
↑ "Powering up ATLAS's mega magnet" . Spotlight on.. . CERN. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011 . magnetic energy of 1.1 Gigajoules
↑ "ITP Metal Casting: Melting Efficiency Improvement" (PDF) . ITP Metal Casting . U.S. Department of Energy. अभिगमन तिथि 14 नवम्बर 2011 . 377 kWh/mt
↑ Calculated: 380 kW-h * 3.6e6 J/kW-h = 1.37e9 J
↑ Bell Fuels. "Lead-Free Gasoline Material Safety Data Sheet" . NOAA . अभिगमन तिथि 6 जुलाई 2008 .
↑ thepartsbin.com – Volvo Fuel Tank: Compare at The Parts Bin , 6 May 2012
↑
E
p
=
ℏ
c
5
G
{\displaystyle E_{p}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar c^{5}}{G}}}}
↑ "Power of a Human Heart" . The Physics Factbook . अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011 . The mechanical power of the human heart is ~1.3 watts
↑ Calculated: 1.3 J/s * 80 years * 3.16e7 s/year = 3.3e9 J
↑ "U.S. Household Electricity Uses: A/C, Heating, Appliances" . U.S. HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY REPORT . EIA. अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011 . For refrigerators in 2001, the average UEC was 1,239 kWh
↑ Calculated: 1239 kWh * 3.6e6 J/kWh = 4.5e9 J
↑ अ आ Energy Units , by Arthur Smith, 21 January 2005
↑ "Top 10 Biggest Explosions" . Listverse. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011 . a yield of 11 tons of TNT
↑ Calculated: 11 tons of TNT-equivalent * 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent = 4.6e10 J
↑ "Emission Facts: Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks" . EPA. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 . 581 gallons of gasoline
↑ "200 Mile-Per-Gallon Cars?" . अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 . a gallon of gas ... 125 million joules of energy
↑ Calculated: 581 gallons * 125e6 J/gal = 7.26e10 J
↑ Calculated: 1e6 Watts * 86400 seconds/day = 8.6e10 J
↑ Calculated: 3.44e-10 J/U-235-fission * 1e-3 kg / (235 amu per U-235-fission * 1.66e-27 amu/kg) = 8.82e-10 J
↑ Calculated: 2000 kcal/day * 365 days/year * 80 years = 2.4e11 J
↑ "A330-300 Dimensions & key data" . Airbus. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 . 97530 litres
↑ अ आ इ "Archived copy" (PDF) . मूल (PDF) से 8 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 अगस्त 2011 . सीएस1 रखरखाव: Archived copy as title (link )
↑ Calculated: 97530 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 3.38e12 J
↑ Calculated: 1e9 Watts * 3600 seconds/hour
↑ Weston, Kenneth. "Chapter 10. Nuclear Power Plants" (pdf) . Energy Conversion . अभिगमन तिथि 13 दिसंबर 2011 . The thermal efficiency of a CANDU plant is only about 29%
↑ "CANDU and Heavy Water Moderated Reactors" . अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 . fuel burnup in a CANDU is only 6500 to 7500 MWd per metric ton uranium
↑ Calculated: 7500e6 Watt-days/tonne * (0.020 tonnes per bundle) * 86400 seconds/day = 1.3e13 J of burnup energy. Electricity = burnup * ~29% efficiency = 3.8e12 J
↑ "747 Classics Technical Specs" . Boeing. मूल से 10 दिसंबर 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 . 183,380 L
↑ Calculated: 183380 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 6.36e12 J
↑ "A380-800 Dimensions & key data" . Airbus. अभिगमन तिथि 12 दिसंबर 2011 . 320,000 L
↑ Calculated: 320,000 l * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 11.1e12 J
↑ "International Space Station: The ISS to Date" . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 23 अगस्त 2011 .
↑ "The wizards of orbits" . European Space Agency. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011 . The International Space Station, for example, flies at 7.7 km/s in one of the lowest practicable orbits
↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v2 = 1/2 * 417000 kg * (7700m/s)2 = 1.2e13 J
↑ "What was the yield of the Hiroshima bomb?" . Warbird's Forum. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 . 21 kt
↑ Calculated: 15 kt = 15e9 grams of TNT-equivalent * 4.2e3 J/gram TNT-equivalent = 6.3e13 J
↑ "Conversion from kg to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "JPL - Fireballs and bolides" . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 13 एप्रिल 2017 .
↑ अ आ "How much energy does a hurricane release?" . FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES . NOAA. अभिगमन तिथि 12 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "The Gathering Storms" . COSMOS. अभिगमन तिथि 10 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ अ आ इ ई उ "Country Comparison :: Electricity – consumption" . The World Factbook . CIA. मूल से 28 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 11 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 288.6e6 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.04e15 J
↑ Calculated: 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * 1e6 tons/megaton = 4.2e15 J/megaton of TNT-equivalent
↑ Calculated: 3.02e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.09e16 J
↑ Calculated: E = mc^2 = 1 kg * (2.998e8 m/s)^2 = 8.99e16 J
↑ "USGS Energy and Broadband Solution" . National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. मूल से 4 एप्रिल 2010 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ अ आ इ The Earth has a cross section of 1.274×1014 square meters and the solar constant is 1361 watts per square meter.
↑ "The Soviet Weapons Program – The Tsar Bomba" . The Nuclear Weapon Archive. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 50e6 tons TNT-equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton TNT-equivalent = 2.1e17 J
↑ Calculated: 115.6e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 4.16e17 J
↑ Alexander, R. McNeill (1989). Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants . Columbia University Press. पृ॰ 144. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-231-06667-8 . the explosion of the island volcano Krakatoa in 1883, had about 200 megatonnes energy.
↑ Calculated: 200e6 tons of TNT equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT equivalent = 8.4e17 J
↑ Calculated: 402e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.45e17 J
↑ Calculated: 3.741e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.347e19 J
↑ "United States" . The World Factbook . USA. अभिगमन तिथि 11 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 3.953e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.423e19 J
↑ अ आ "World" . The World Factbook . CIA. अभिगमन तिथि 11 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 17.8e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.41e19 J
↑ Calculated: 18.95e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.82e19 J
↑ अ आ इ ई उ "Statistical Review of World Energy 2011" (PDF) . BP. मूल (PDF) से 2 सितम्बर 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: 12002.4e6 tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 5.0e20 J
↑ अ आ इ "Global Uranium Resources to Meet Projected Demand | International Atomic Energy Agency" . iaea.org. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016 .
↑ U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Generation
↑ "U.S. EIA International Energy Outlook 2007" . eia.doe.gov. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016 .
↑ Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019 ×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020 .
↑ Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9e3 billion cubic feet * 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet * 1e6 tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9e21 J
↑ Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8e9 tonnes of oil * 42e9 J/tonne of oil = 7.9e21 J
↑ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 1.5e22 J
↑ Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938e6 tonnes of coal * (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4e22 J
↑ Calculated: natural gas + petroleum + coal = 6.9e21 J + 7.9e21 J + 2.4e22 J = 3.9e22 J
↑ "USGS, Harvard Moment Tensor Solution" . National Earthquake Information Center . 26 दिसंबर 2004. मूल से 17 जनवरी 2010 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Bralower, Timothy J.; Charles K. Paull; R. Mark Leckie (एप्रिल 1998). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary cocktail: Chicxulub impact triggers margin collapse and extensive sediment gravity flows" (PDF) . Geology . 26 (4): 331–334. डीओआइ :10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0331:tctbcc>2.3.co;2 . बिबकोड :1998Geo....26..331B . मूल (PDF) से 28 नवम्बर 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 6 जून 2013 . The kinetic energy derived by the impact is estimated at ~5 × 10^30 ergs
↑ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 5.5e24 J
↑ अ आ इ "Ask Us: Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun" . Cosmicopia . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Moon Fact Sheet" . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 16 दिसंबर 2011 .
↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * m * v^2. v = 1.023e3 m/s. m = 7.349e22 kg. KE = 1/2 * (7.349e22 kg) * (1.023e3 m/s)^2 = 3.845e28 J.
↑ "Moment of Inertia—Earth" . Eric Weisstein's World of Physics . अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Allain, Rhett. "Rotational energy of the Earth as an energy source" . .dotphysics . Science Blogs. अभिगमन तिथि 5 नवम्बर 2011 . the Earth takes 23.9345 hours to rotate
↑ Calculated: E_rotational = 1/2 * I * w^2 = 1/2 * (8.0e37 kg m^2) * (2*pi/(23.9345 hour period * 3600 seconds/hour))^2 = 2.1e29 J
↑ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day = 3.3e31 J
↑ "Earth's Gravitational Binding Energy" . अभिगमन तिथि 19 मार्च 2012 . Variable Density Method: the Earth's gravitational binding energy is −1.711×10^32 J
↑ "DutchS/pseudosc/flipaxis" . uwgb.edu. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016 .
↑ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day * 365.25 days/year = 1.2e34 J
↑ "Earth: Facts & Figures" . Solar System Exploration . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 29 सितम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Conversion from kg to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑
U
=
(
3
/
5
)
G
M
2
r
{\displaystyle U={\frac {(3/5)GM^{2}}{r}}}
Chandrasekhar, S. 1939, An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (Chicago: U. of Chicago; reprinted in New York: Dover), section 9, eqs. 90–92, p. 51 (Dover edition) Lang, K. R. 1980, Astrophysical Formulae (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 272
↑ Frail, D. A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Sari, R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Bloom, J. S.; Galama, T. J.; Reichart, D. E.; Berger, E.; Harrison, F. A.; Price, P. A.; Yost, S. A.; Diercks, A.; Goodrich, R. W.; Chaffee, F. (2001). "Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir" (PDF) . The Astrophysical Journal . 562 : L55. arXiv :astro-ph/0102282 . डीओआइ :10.1086/338119 . बिबकोड :2001ApJ...562L..55F . "the gamma-ray energy release, corrected for geometry, is narrowly clustered around 5 * 10^50 erg"
↑ Calculated: 5e50 erg * 1e-7 J/erg = 5e43 J
↑ Khokhlov, A.; Mueller, E.; Hoeflich, P.; Mueller; Hoeflich (1993). "Light curves of Type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 270 (1–2): 223–248. बिबकोड :1993A&A...270..223K . सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link )
↑ Dong, S.; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.- S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; एवं अन्य (15 जनवरी 2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova". Science . 351 (6270): 257–260. arXiv :1507.03010 . PMID 26816375 . डीओआइ :10.1126/science.aac9613 . बिबकोड :2016Sci...351..257D .
↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.3885
↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1004.2900
↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.0690
↑ url= http://tsvi.phys.huji.ac.il/presentations/Frail_AstroExtreme.pdf
↑ url= http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/mtgs/grb2010/tue/Dale_Frail.ppt
↑ "A Hypernova: The Super-charged Supernova and its link to Gamma-Ray Bursts" . Imagine the Universe! . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 9 दिसंबर 2011 . With a power about 100 times that of the already astonishingly powerful "typical" supernova
↑ "Sun Fact Sheet" . NASA. अभिगमन तिथि 15 अक्टूबर 2011 .
↑ "Conversion from kg to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Abbott, B.; एवं अन्य (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Physical Review Letters . 116 (6): 061102. arXiv :1602.03837 . PMID 26918975 . डीओआइ :10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 . बिबकोड :2016PhRvL.116f1102A .
↑ "Fermi's record breaking gamma-ray burst" .
↑ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.0630
↑ url= http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/625/1/L9/fulltext/19121.text.html
↑ Jim Brau . "The Milky Way Galaxy" . अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ "Conversion from kg to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field" . Astrophysics . 49 (1): 3–18. डीओआइ :10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 . बिबकोड :2006Ap.....49....3K .
↑ "Conversion from kg to J" . NIST. अभिगमन तिथि 4 नवम्बर 2011 .
↑ Einasto, M.; एवं अन्य (दिसंबर 2007). "The richest superclusters. I. Morphology". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 476 (2): 697–711. arXiv :0706.1122 . डीओआइ :10.1051/0004-6361:20078037 . बिबकोड :2007A&A...476..697E .
↑ "Big Bang Energy" . web.archive.org. मूल से 19 अगस्त 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 दिसंबर 2016 .
साँचा:Orders of magnitude