"हेनरी स्टुअर्ट, लॉर्ड डार्न्ले": अवतरणों में अंतर

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छो बॉट: अनुभाग एकरूपता।
छो बॉट: वर्तनी एकरूपता।
पंक्ति 1: पंक्ति 1:
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name = हेनरी, लॉर्ड डार्न्ले
| name = हेनरी, लॉर्ड डार्न्ले
| image = Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.jpg
| image = Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.jpg
| caption =
| caption =
| succession = [[स्कॉटिश पटराजाओं की सूची|स्कॉटिश पटराजा]]
| succession = [[स्कॉटिश पटराजाओं की सूची|स्कॉटिश पटराजा]]
| reign-type = शासनकाल
| reign-type = शासनकाल
| reign = 29 जुलाई 1565 – 10 फरवरी 1567
| reign = 29 जुलाई 1565 – 10 फरवरी 1567
| spouse = [[मैरी १ (स्कॉटलैंड की रानी)]]<br>वि. 1565; अल. 1567
| spouse = [[मैरी १ (स्कॉटलैंड की रानी)]]<br>वि. 1565; अल. 1567
| issue = [[जेम्स ६]]
| issue = [[जेम्स ६]]
| house = [[स्टुअर्ट राजघराना]]
| house = [[स्टुअर्ट राजघराना]]
| father = [[मैथ्यु स्टीवर्ट, लेनॉक्स का चौथा अर्ल]]
| father = [[मैथ्यु स्टीवर्ट, लेनॉक्स का चौथा अर्ल]]
| mother = [[मार्गरेट डगलस]]
| mother = [[मार्गरेट डगलस]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1545|12|7}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1545|12|7}}
| birth_place = [[टेंपल न्युसैम]], [[यॉर्कशायर]], इंग्लैंड
| birth_place = [[टेंपल न्युसैम]], [[यॉर्कशायर]], इंग्लैंड
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1567|2|10|1545|12|7}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1567|2|10|1545|12|7}}
| death_place = [[कर्क ओ-फील्ड]], एडिनबर्ग, स्कॉटलैंड
| death_place = [[कर्क ओ-फील्ड]], एडिनबर्ग, स्कॉटलैंड
| burial_place = [[हॉलीरूड ऐबी]]
| burial_place = [[हॉलीरूड ऐबी]]
| religion = [[रोमन कैथोलिक]]
| religion = [[रोमन कैथोलिक]]
|}}
|}}


पंक्ति 80: पंक्ति 80:
{{Main|Kirk o' Field}}
{{Main|Kirk o' Field}}
[[Image:Kirk o' Field contemporary sketch.jpg|thumb|300px|right|1567 drawing of [[Kirk o' Field]] after the murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, drawn for [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] shortly after the murder.]]
[[Image:Kirk o' Field contemporary sketch.jpg|thumb|300px|right|1567 drawing of [[Kirk o' Field]] after the murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, drawn for [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] shortly after the murder.]]
Darnley was murdered eight months after James's birth. On 9 February 1567, his body and that of his valet were discovered in the orchard of [[Kirk o' Field]], in Edinburgh, where they had been staying.
Darnley was murdered eight months after James's birth. On 9 February 1567, his body and that of his valet were discovered in the orchard of [[Kirk o' Field]], in Edinburgh, where they had been staying.


During the weeks leading up to his death, Darnley was recovering from a bout of [[smallpox]] (or, it has been speculated, [[syphilis]]). He was described as having deformed pocks upon his face and body. He stayed with his family in [[Glasgow]], until Mary brought him to recuperate at Old Provost's lodging at [[Kirk o' Field]], a two-storey house within the church quadrangle, a short walk from Holyrood – with the intention of incorporating him into the court again.<ref>"Mary, Mary, quite Contrary." Off Our Backs 12 February 1971: 11-. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 15 Mar 2012 .</ref> Darnley stayed at Kirk o' Field while Mary attended the wedding of [[Bastian Pagez]], one of her closest servants, at Holyrood. Around 2 am on the night of 10 February 1567, while Mary was away, two explosions rocked the foundation of Kirk o' Field. These explosions were later attributed to two barrels of gunpowder that had been placed in the small room under Darnley's sleeping quarters. Darnley's body and the body of his valet William Taylor, were found outside, surrounded by a cloak, a dagger, a chair and a coat. Darnley was dressed only in his nightshirt, suggesting he had fled in some haste from his bedchamber. Upon further examination, the bodies had no signs of injuries that could be associated with the explosion, so the blast was not considered to have killed Darnley. It was determined that the two men were killed by strangulation, believed to have taken place after the explosion. (However, modern medicine recognises that internal injuries can kill explosion victims with no sign of injury.)
During the weeks leading up to his death, Darnley was recovering from a bout of [[smallpox]] (or, it has been speculated, [[syphilis]]). He was described as having deformed pocks upon his face and body. He stayed with his family in [[Glasgow]], until Mary brought him to recuperate at Old Provost's lodging at [[Kirk o' Field]], a two-storey house within the church quadrangle, a short walk from Holyrood – with the intention of incorporating him into the court again.<ref>"Mary, Mary, quite Contrary." Off Our Backs 12 February 1971: 11-. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 15 Mar 2012 .</ref> Darnley stayed at Kirk o' Field while Mary attended the wedding of [[Bastian Pagez]], one of her closest servants, at Holyrood. Around 2 am on the night of 10 February 1567, while Mary was away, two explosions rocked the foundation of Kirk o' Field. These explosions were later attributed to two barrels of gunpowder that had been placed in the small room under Darnley's sleeping quarters. Darnley's body and the body of his valet William Taylor, were found outside, surrounded by a cloak, a dagger, a chair and a coat. Darnley was dressed only in his nightshirt, suggesting he had fled in some haste from his bedchamber. Upon further examination, the bodies had no signs of injuries that could be associated with the explosion, so the blast was not considered to have killed Darnley. It was determined that the two men were killed by strangulation, believed to have taken place after the explosion. (However, modern medicine recognises that internal injuries can kill explosion victims with no sign of injury.)
पंक्ति 90: पंक्ति 90:
Soon after Darnley's death, Bothwell and Mary left Edinburgh together. There are two points of view about the circumstances: in the first, Bothwell kidnapped the queen, took her to [[Dunbar Castle]], and raped her. In the second, Mary was a willing participant in the kidnapping, and the story of rape was a fabrication so her honour and reputation were not ruined by her marriage to a man widely suspected of murder. Mary later miscarried twins by Bothwell.
Soon after Darnley's death, Bothwell and Mary left Edinburgh together. There are two points of view about the circumstances: in the first, Bothwell kidnapped the queen, took her to [[Dunbar Castle]], and raped her. In the second, Mary was a willing participant in the kidnapping, and the story of rape was a fabrication so her honour and reputation were not ruined by her marriage to a man widely suspected of murder. Mary later miscarried twins by Bothwell.


Suspicions that Mary colluded with conspirators in her husband's death or that she took no action to prevent his death were key factors in the downward spiral that led to Mary's loss of the Scottish crown. The [[Casket letters]], alleged to have been written by Mary, seemed to indicate her support for the killing. The letters were purportedly found by [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]] in Edinburgh in a silver box engraved with an F (supposedly for Francis II), along with a number of other documents, including the Mary-Bothwell marriage certificate.<ref name="MacRobert">{{cite book|last=MacRobert|first=A. E.|title=Mary, Queen of Scots and the casket letters|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2002|series=International Library of Historical Studies|volume=25|isbn=978-1-86064-829-8}}</ref> Before Morton's execution in 1581, he admitted having knowledge of the murder plot, and that Bothwell and Archibald Douglas were "chief actors" in Darnley's murder.<ref>The Skull and Portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their Bearing on The Tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots Karl Pearson Biometrika , Vol. 20B, No. 1 (Jul. 1928), pp. 1–104</ref>
Suspicions that Mary colluded with conspirators in her husband's death or that she took no action to prevent his death were key factors in the downward spiral that led to Mary's loss of the Scottish crown. The [[Casket letters]], alleged to have been written by Mary, seemed to indicate her support for the killing. The letters were purportedly found by [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]] in Edinburgh in a silver box engraved with an F (supposedly for Francis II), along with a number of other documents, including the Mary-Bothwell marriage certificate.<ref name="MacRobert">{{cite book|last=MacRobert|first=A. E.|title=Mary, Queen of Scots and the casket letters|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2002|series=International Library of Historical Studies|volume=25|isbn=978-1-86064-829-8}}</ref> Before Morton's execution in 1581, he admitted having knowledge of the murder plot, and that Bothwell and Archibald Douglas were "chief actors" in Darnley's murder.<ref>The Skull and Portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their Bearing on The Tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots Karl Pearson Biometrika , Vol. 20B, No. 1 (Jul. 1928), pp. 1–104</ref>


A soldier under the pay of Bothwell, William Blackadder of the [[Clan Blackadder]], was allegedly the first non-participant to happen upon the scene, and for that reason was initially treated as a suspect. Although initially cleared of any involvement in the murder, he was offered up by the conspirators and convicted at a show trial, after which he was executed by being [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] before each of his limbs was nailed to the gates of a different Scottish town.
A soldier under the pay of Bothwell, William Blackadder of the [[Clan Blackadder]], was allegedly the first non-participant to happen upon the scene, and for that reason was initially treated as a suspect. Although initially cleared of any involvement in the murder, he was offered up by the conspirators and convicted at a show trial, after which he was executed by being [[hanged, drawn and quartered]] before each of his limbs was nailed to the gates of a different Scottish town.
पंक्ति 169: पंक्ति 169:
*पुस्तक: ''Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots'', लेखक:कैरोलीन बिंघम, भाषा: {{en}}
*पुस्तक: ''Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots'', लेखक:कैरोलीन बिंघम, भाषा: {{en}}
*पुस्तक: ''Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley'', लेखक: [[एलिसन वेऍर (इतिहासकार)|एलिसन वेऍर]], भाषा: {{en}}
*पुस्तक: ''Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley'', लेखक: [[एलिसन वेऍर (इतिहासकार)|एलिसन वेऍर]], भाषा: {{en}}
*पुस्तक: [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/nhi/2004/00000041/00000002/art00005 Macauley, Sarah, 'Lennox Crisis', in ''Northern History'' vol.41.2 (2004)], लेखक: सारा मैकाले, भाषा: {{en}}
*पुस्तक: [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/nhi/2004/00000041/00000002/art00005 Macauley, Sarah, 'Lennox Crisis', in ''Northern History'' vol.41.2 (2004)], लेखक: सारा मैकाले, भाषा: {{en}}


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09:35, 6 फ़रवरी 2017 का अवतरण

हेनरी, लॉर्ड डार्न्ले
स्कॉटिश पटराजा
शासनकाल29 जुलाई 1565 – 10 फरवरी 1567
जन्म7 दिसम्बर 1545
टेंपल न्युसैम, यॉर्कशायर, इंग्लैंड
निधन10 फ़रवरी 1567(1567-02-10) (उम्र 21)
कर्क ओ-फील्ड, एडिनबर्ग, स्कॉटलैंड
समाधि
हॉलीरूड ऐबी
जीवनसंगीमैरी १ (स्कॉटलैंड की रानी)
वि. 1565; अल. 1567
संतानजेम्स ६
घरानास्टुअर्ट राजघराना
पितामैथ्यु स्टीवर्ट, लेनॉक्स का चौथा अर्ल
मातामार्गरेट डगलस
धर्मरोमन कैथोलिक

हेनरी स्टुअर्ट या स्टुअर्ट, अल्बानी का ड्यूक (7 दिसम्बर 1545 – 10 फरवरी 1567), जिसकी १५६५ से पहले नाम की शैली लॉर्ड डॉर्न्ले थी, कर्को-फील्ड में १५६७ में अपनी हत्या से पहले तक स्कॉटलैंड का पटराजा था।[1]

वह मैथ्यु स्टीवर्ट, लेनॉक्स का चौथा अर्ल व उसकी पत्नी मार्गरेट डगलस का दूसरा बेटा था। डार्न्ले के नाना आर्किबाल्ड डगलस और नानी हेनरी सप्तम की बेटी मार्गरेट टुडोर थीं जो स्कॉटलैंड के जेम्स चतुर्थ की विधवा भी थीं। ऐसा माना जाता है कि हेनरी स्टुअर्ट का जन्म ७ दिसम्बर को हुआ था। वह स्कॉटलैंड की रानी मैरी १ का फुफेरा भाई व दूसरा पति और इंग्लैंड के राजा जेम्स १ का पिता था। जेम्स, एलिज़ाबेथ प्रथम के बाद इंग्लैंड व स्कॉटलैंड का संयुक्त राजा बना था।[2]

शुरुवाती जीवन

युवा हेनरी स्टुअर्ट, भविष्य में स्कॉटों का पटराजा

डार्न्ले का जन्म 1545 में लीड्स के टेम्पल न्युसैम में हुआ था जो इंग्लैंड के यॉर्कशायर में है। अपने माता-पिता दोनों के जरिए वह इंग्लैंड व स्कॉटलैंड दोनों सिहांसनों का दावेदार था। उसकी माँ इंग्लैंड के हेनरी सप्तम व पिता स्कॉटलैंड के जेम्स द्वितीय के वंशज थे।

डार्न्ले के पिता पर स्कॉटलैंड में देशस्रोह का आरोप लगा था। उनपर आरोप था कि वो स्कॉट होते हुए भी गुईज़ की मैरी व कार्यकारी स्कॉट शासक ऐरन के खिलाफ अंग्रेजों के रफ़ वूईंग नामक छद्म युद्ध में उनका साथ दिया था। रफ वूईंग, हेनरी अष्टम ने स्कॉटलैंड के खिलाफ़ छेडा था जब स्कॉटों ने राजकुमारी मैरी की शादी हेनरी के पुत्र से करने से इंकार कर दिया। हेनरी के सैनिक स्कॉटिश सीमाओं में सेंधमारी कर के मैरी का अपहरण करने के लिए ढूंढते रहते थे। इससे बचाने के लिए इस समय मैरी की माँ ने उन्हें फ्राँस भेज दिया था। देशद्रोह साबित होने पर लेनॉक्स के अर्ल की स्कॉटिश संपत्तियों १५४५ में जब्त कर लिया गया।[2]लेनॉक्स इंग्लैंड में २२ वर्षों तक शरणार्थी की तरह रहा और स्कॉटलैंड १५६४ को लौटा। डार्न्ले की माँ ने १५२८ में स्कॉटलैंड छोड दिया था।[3]

राजसी शिक्षा

लॉर्ड डार्न्ले की शीक्षा-दीक्षा बहुत बेहतरीन व राजसी मानकों के हिसाब से हुई थी। उसे लैटिन, स्कॉटिश-गैलिक, अंग्रेजी व फ्रेंच भाषाओं का ज्ञान था। उसने गायन, वादन और नृत्य में बहुत तरक्की कर ली थी। उसके शिक्षकों में एक स्कॉटिश स्कॉळर व लेखक जॉन एल्डर थे। वो एंग्लो-स्कॉटिश एकीकरण की वकालत करते थे। उनका मानना था मैरी व एडवर्ड ६ के विवाह से यह आसानी से संभव हो सकता है। उन्होंने १५४३ में एडवर्ड के पिता व उस वक्त इंग्लैंड के राजा हेनरी अष्टम को इसकी सलाह भी दी थी, जिसके बाद हेनरी ने ऐसा करने के लिए रफ़ वूईंग नामक छद्म युद्ध तक कर डाला।[4]

डार्न्ले एक हृष्ट-पुष्ट व मजबूत शरीर वाला नौजवान था, एक अच्छ घुडसवार, अस्त्रों-शस्त्रों का जानकार व शिकार पसंद कुलीन घराने का युवक था।[5]

स्कॉटों की रानी मैरी से विवाह

लॉर्ड डॉर्न्ले और मैरी, स्कॉटों की रानी (चित्र लगभग 1565ई. के आसपास का, अब हार्डविक हॉल में है।)[6]

१२ फरवरी १५६५ को डार्न्ले, मैरी से मिलने एडिनबर्ग पंहुचा। 17 फरवरी को वह मैरी से फाइफ के वेमिस किले में मिला। हॉलहिल के जेम्स मैलविले ने सूचना दी थी कि रानी मैरी डार्न्ले से मिलकर बहुत खुश हुईं थीं और उससे अधिक आकर्षक व कुलीन लंबे कद-काठी वाले नौयुवक से पहले कभी नहीं मिली थीं।[7] २४ फरवरी के बाद से वह मैरी के साथ ही उनके महल में रहा।

उपाधियाँ, शैलियाँ, सम्मान और कुल-चिन्ह

लॉर्ड डार्न्ले का शाही चिन्ह

उपाधियाँ व शैलियाँ

  • 7 दिसम्बर 1545 – 15 मई 1565: मास्टर ऑफ लेनॉक्स (स्कॉटलैंड); लॉर्ड डार्न्ले (अंग्रेज उपाधि)।
  • 15 मई – 20 जुलाई 1565: रॉस का अर्ल और लॉर्ड ऑफ आर्डमनाक।[8]
  • 20–28 जुलाई 1565: ड्यूक ऑफ अल्बानि।
  • 28 जुलाई 1565 – 10 फरवरी 1567: हिज़ ग्रेस द किंग ऑफ स्कॉट्स।

सम्मान

सन्दर्भ

  1. ↑ एंटोनिया फ़्रेज़र. Mary Queen of Scots.
  2. ↑ अ आ एलैने फिनी ग्रेग, 'Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ऑक्स्फोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 4 March 2012
  3. ↑ डैनियल, विलियम एस. (1852), History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Pub. Edinburgh: Duncan Anderson. p. 62
  4. ↑ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 18 part 2, (1902), no. 539: Bannatyne Miscellany, Edinburgh vol. 1, (1827), 1–6
  5. ↑ Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters illustrative of British History, 2nd series vol. 2, (1827) pp. 249–251
  6. ↑ "Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, (1545–1567) and Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), National Trust Inventory Number 1129218". National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, National Trust collections. अभिगमन तिथि 2 February 2014.
  7. ↑ मेलविले, जेम्स (1973). गॉर्डन डोनाल्डसन (संपा॰). Memoirs of his own life. न्यूयॉर्क: एएमएस प्रेस. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0404527183. Her Majesty took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen.
  8. ↑ डैनियल, विलियम एस. (1852). History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. एडिनबर्ग. पृ॰ 65. नामालूम प्राचल |trans_title= की उपेक्षा की गयी (|trans-title= सुझावित है) (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |Publisher= की उपेक्षा की गयी (|publisher= सुझावित है) (मदद)
  9. ↑ एंडरसन, डंकन (1849). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. एडिनबर्ग: कीपर ऑफ द चैपेल रोयल. पृ॰ 58. मूल से 15 December 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि १ दिसम्बर २०११. about the beginning of February 1565-6, the Seigneur de Rembouillet, with a deputation from the King of France, arrived at the Palace, to present Darnley with the order of St. Michael, known as the Scallop or Cockle-shell Order, so called from the escallop shells of which the collar was composed. The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel-Royal नामालूम प्राचल |trans_title= की उपेक्षा की गयी (|trans-title= सुझावित है) (मदद)

संदर्भ ग्रंथ

Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley से संबंधित मीडिया विकिमीडिया कॉमंस पर उपलब्ध है।
  • पुस्तक: Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots, लेखक:कैरोलीन बिंघम, भाषा: (अंग्रेज़ी में)
  • पुस्तक: Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley, लेखक: एलिसन वेऍर, भाषा: (अंग्रेज़ी में)


स्कॉटिश राजशाही
खाली
Title last held by
फ्राँसिस २, फ्राँस का राजा 		स्कॉटिश पटराजा
1565–1567 		खाली
Title next held by
डेनमार्क की ऐने
Peerage of Scotland
नई रचना अल्बानी का ड्यूक
चौथी स्थापना
1565–1567 		उत्तराधिकारी
जेम्स स्टुअर्ट
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