सिद्धान्त शिरोमणि

सिद्धान्त शिरोमणि , संस्कृत में रचित गणित और खगोल शास्त्र का एक प्राचीन ग्रन्थ है। इसकी रचना भास्कर द्वितीय (या, भास्कराचार्य ) ने सन ११५० के आसपास की थी।

इसके चार भाग हैं:

१) लीलावती - इसमें अंकगणित (मैथेमेटिक्स) का विवेचन किया गया है।

२) बीजगणित - इसमें बीजगणित (अल्जेब्रा) का विवेचन है।

३) गणिताध्याय

४) गोलाध्याय

गणिताध्याय और गोलाध्याय में खगोलशास्त्र का विवेचन है।

सिद्धान्त शिरोमणि की एक झलक

१) Gravitational Pull—“Father, the earth on which we live, rests on which thing?”

Leelavati had asked this question hundreds of years ago to her father, Bhaskaracharya. In reply, Bhaskaracharya said, “O daughter, Leelavati! Those people who say that the earth is resting on the sheshnaag (cobra snake), the tortoise or elephant or any other thing, are wrong. If we accept that it is based on something, then the question that arises is, that thing rests on which thing? Thus, the reason and its reason…if this sequence continues, then it is known as a state of uncondition in jurisprudence.” Leelavati still insisted on asking the question. Then, Bhaskaracharya said , “Why can we not accept that the earth is not based on anything? What is wrong in saying that the earth is standing on its own strength and call it its power of retention?” At this Leelavati asked how it was possible? Then, Bhaskaracharya speaks of principles and says that the power of things is very peculiar.

Marucchalo bhoorachala swabhaawato

yato Vichitravatavastu shaktyah

—(Siddhant Shiromani Golaadhyay-Bhuvankosh—5)

He further says:

Aakrishtishaktishch mahi taya yat

khastham Guru swabhimukham swashaktya.

Aakrishyate tatpatateev bhaati

Samesamantaat kwa patatviyam khe.

—(Siddhanta Shiromani Golaadhyay-Bhuvankosh—6)

आकृष्टिशक्तिश्च महि तय यत्

खष्ठं गुरु स्वभिमुखं स्वशक्त्या ।

आकृष्यते तत्पततीव भाति

समेसमन्तात् क्व पतत्वियं खे ॥

—(शिद्धान्त शिरोमणि गोलाध्यय-भुवनकोष-६)

This means that the earth has the power of attraction. So, it attracts heavy things towards itself and because of the attraction, they fall to the ground. But, when an equal power or strength pulls from all directions in the sky, then how can a thing fall? This means that the planets stay in the sky without any support because the gravitational powers of the various planets maintain the balance.

Today, we say that Newton was the first to discover the gravitational power of the earth, but 550 years before him, Bhaskaracharya had spoken about it.

२) The Earth is Round—Leelavati asks her father how he can say that the earth is round when she can see only a flat surface all around?

Bhaskaracharya says that what we see is not always the truth. He says that if you draw a large circle and look at only a hundredth part of its circumference, then it will appear to be a straight line; but actually it is not so. It is curved. Similarly, we see only a small part of the sphere of this huge earth. Hence, it seems flat to us. In reality, the earth-is round.

Samo yatah syaatparidheh shataanshah

Prithvi cha prithvi nitaraam taneeyaan

Narashcha tatprishthagatasya kritsnaa

Sameva tasya pratibhaatyatah saa.

—(Siddhanta Shiromani golaadhyay-Bhuvankosh 13)

समो यत: स्यात्परिधेह शतान्श:

पृथी च पृथ्वी नितरां तनीयान् ।

नरश्च तत्पृष्ठगतस्य कृत्स्ना

समेव तस्य प्रतिभात्यत: सा ॥

—(सिद्धन्त शिरोमणि गोलाध्यय-भुवनकोष- १३)

इन्हें भी देखें

1. लीलावती
2. बीजगणित
3. गणिताध्याय
4. गोलाध्याय
5. सूर्यसिद्धान्त

बाहरी कडियाँ

• गोलाध्याय (गूगल पुस्तक ; लेखक - केदारदत्त जोशी)
• Did Bhaskar discover Calculus?
• भास्कराचार्य (अंग्रेजी में)
• History of Ganit (Mathematics)
• Mathematics and Science in India लेखक : सुभाष काक

विकिस्रोत पर सिद्धान्तशिरोमणि का मूल पाठ

1. 1. सिद्धान्त शिरोमणि (wikisource)
   2. लीलावती का मूलपाठ (संस्कृत में) (wikisource)
   3. बीजगणित का मूलपाठ (संस्कृत में) (wikisource)
   4. गणिताध्याय का मूलपाठ (संस्कृत में) (wikisource)
   5. गोलाध्याय का मूलपाठ (संस्कृत में) (wikisource)