"विकिपीडिया:IPA for Hindi and Urdu": अवतरणों में अंतर

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नया पृष्ठ: {{IPAkeys}} The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunci...
 
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|-
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| ब || ب || align="left"| a'''b'''ash
| ब || {{Nastaliq|ur|ب}}}|| align="left"| a'''b'''ash
|-
|-
|<big> b{{IPAlink|ʱ}}</big>
|<big> b{{IPAlink|ʱ}}</big>
| भ || بھ || align="left"| a'''bh'''or
| भ || {{Nastaliq|ur| بھ }} || align="left"| a'''bh'''or
|-
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|d̪}}</big> <ref name=coronal>To an English ear, {{IPA|[t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ]}} all sound like {{IPA|/t/}}, and {{IPA|[d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ]}} all sound like {{IPA|/d/}}. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. {{IPA|[t̪ d̪]}} are like Spanish or French {{IPA|[t d]}}, with the tongue touching the teeth, and {{IPA|[t̪ʰ d̪]}} are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English {{IPA|/θ ð/}} (the ''th'' sounds). Hindi-Urdu {{IPA|[ʈ ɖ]}} are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and {{IPA|[ʈʰ ɖ]}} are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English ''t d''; {{IPA|[ʈ]}} is how they hear English ''t'' after ''s''.</ref>
|<big> {{IPAlink|d̪}}</big> <ref name=coronal>To an English ear, {{IPA|[t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ]}} all sound like {{IPA|/t/}}, and {{IPA|[d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ]}} all sound like {{IPA|/d/}}. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. {{IPA|[t̪ d̪]}} are like Spanish or French {{IPA|[t d]}}, with the tongue touching the teeth, and {{IPA|[t̪ʰ d̪]}} are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English {{IPA|/θ ð/}} (the ''th'' sounds). Hindi-Urdu {{IPA|[ʈ ɖ]}} are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and {{IPA|[ʈʰ ɖ]}} are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English ''t d''; {{IPA|[ʈ]}} is how they hear English ''t'' after ''s''.</ref>
| द || د || align="left"| a'''d'''o (closer to French ''d'')
| द || {{Nastaliq|ur| د }}|| align="left"| a'''d'''o (closer to French ''d'')
|-
|-
|<big> d̪{{IPAlink|ʱ}}</big> <ref name=coronal/>
|<big> d̪{{IPAlink|ʱ}}</big> <ref name=coronal/>
| ध || دھ || align="left"| a'''dh'''ere
| ध || {{Nastaliq|ur| دھ }} || align="left"| a'''dh'''ere
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɖ}}</big> <ref name=coronal/>
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɖ}}</big> <ref name=coronal/>
| ड || ڈ || align="left"| gua'''rd'''
| ड || {{Nastaliq|ur| ڈ }}|| align="left"| gua'''rd'''
|-
|-
|<big> ɖ{{IPAlink|ʱ}}</big> <ref name=coronal/>
|<big> ɖ{{IPAlink|ʱ}}</big> <ref name=coronal/>

04:55, 3 अक्टूबर 2011 का अवतरण

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindi-Urdu phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindustani.

Consonants
IPA Hindi Urdu English equivalent
b ब ب‎} abash
bʱ भ بھ ‎ abhor
d̪ [1] द د ‎ ado (closer to French d)
d̪ʱ [1] ध دھ ‎ adhere
ɖ [1] ड ڈ ‎ guard
ɖʱ [1] ढ ڈھ guardhouse
dʒ ज ج hedge
dʒʱ झ جھ hedgehog
f फ़ ف food
ɡ ग گ agate
ɡʱ घ گھ pigheaded
h ः ح head (final only)
ɦ ह ahead
j य ي yak
k क ک scan
kʰ ख کھ can
l ल ل leaf
m म م much
n न ن not
ɳ ण ڻ burner
(Sanskrit; often [n])
ŋ ं - bank
p प پ span
pʰ फ پھ pan
(often allophonic with [f] in Hindi)
q क़ ق a k in the throat
(Urdu; often [k] in Hindi)
r र ر trilled r
ɽ ड़ ڑ US: larder
ɽʱ ढ़ ڑھ as [ɽ] plus h
s स س sue
ʂ ष – worship
(Sanskrit; often [ʃ])
ʃ श ش shoe
t̪ [1] त ت stable (closer to French t)
t̪ʰ [1] थ تھ table
ʈ [1] ट ٹ art
ʈʰ [1] ठ ٹھ art-historian
tʃ च چ catch
tʃʰ छ چھ choose
ʋ[2] व و varies between w and v
x ख़ خ Bach
(Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi)
ɣ ग़ غ like a French r
(Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi)
z ज़ ز zen
ʒ झ़ ژ pleasure
Vowels
IPA Hindi Urdu English equivalent
aː आ, पा آ, ـا Spanish or French a to English bra
eː ए, पे ے between yell and Yale
ɛː ऐ, पै yell
ə अ, प ـَ nut
iː [3] ई, पी ی feet
ɪ [3] इ, पि ـِ dill
oː ओ, पो و old
ɔː औ, पौ law
uː [3] ऊ, पू loot
ʊ [3] उ, पु ـُ look
 ̃ ँ ں nasal vowel
([ãː], [õː], etc.)


Suprasegmentals
IPA
ˈ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
ː doubled consonant

Notes

  1. ↑ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
  2. ↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
  3. ↑ अ आ इ ई /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.
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