नॉर्वे में वेश्यावृत्ति

नॉर्वे में वेश्यावृत्ति (Prostitution in Norway) को लेकर एक विशिष्ट और विवादास्पद क़ानूनी ढांचा अपनाया गया है, जिसे "नॉर्डिक मॉडल" या "सेल्स-पर्चेज एक्ट" कहा जाता है। यह क़ानून वर्ष 2009 में लागू हुआ, जिसके तहत यौन सेवाओं को बेचना वैध है, लेकिन उन्हें खरीदना गैरकानूनी है। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य मानव तस्करी, यौन शोषण और महिलाओं पर होने वाले अत्याचारों को कम करना है। [1]
इस प्रणाली के अनुसार यौनकर्मी को अपराधी नहीं माना जाता, बल्कि उन्हें एक पीड़िता समझा जाता है, जिन्हें सामाजिक सहायता, पुनर्वास, शिक्षा और वैकल्पिक रोजगार मुहैया कराने की कोशिश की जाती है। इसके विपरीत यौन सेवाएं खरीदने वाले ग्राहकों पर जुर्माना और जेल जैसी सजा का प्रावधान है।[2]
हालाँकि इस नीति को कुछ मानवाधिकार संगठनों और नारीवादी समूहों का समर्थन प्राप्त है, लेकिन आलोचकों का कहना है कि इससे यौनकर्मियों की सुरक्षा और गोपनीयता को खतरा हुआ है। ग्राहक अब छिपकर सौदे करते हैं, जिससे वेश्यावृत्ति और भी अधिक खतरनाक और असुरक्षित बन गई है।[3]
नॉर्वे के मुकाबले न्यूज़ीलैंड जैसे देशों ने वेश्यावृत्ति को पूरी तरह वैध घोषित किया है जहाँ इसे एक वैध पेशा माना जाता है और यौनकर्मियों को स्वास्थ्य, सुरक्षा और कानूनी अधिकार दिए जाते हैं। नॉर्वे में अब यह बहस जारी है कि क्या मौजूदा नॉर्डिक मॉडल को जारी रखा जाए या इसमें बदलाव की ज़रूरत है।[4]
सन्दर्भ
[संपादित करें]- ↑ "New Norway law bans buying of sex. BBC News Jan 1 2009". BBC News. 1 January 2009. अभिगमन तिथि: 18 October 2013.
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7806760.stm
- ↑ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/sjop.13082
- ↑ https://newsbook.com.mt/en/nordic-or-new-zealand-model-ngos-disagree-on-prostitution-reform/
बाहरी कड़ियाँ
[संपादित करें]- Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2011). Gender equity and prostitution: An investigation of attitudes in Norway and Sweden. Feminist Economics, 17(1), 31–58.
- O’Brien, E. (2015). Prostitution ideology and trafficking policy: The impact of political approaches to domestic sex work on human trafficking policy in * Australia and the United States. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 36(2), 191–212.
- Department of Justice and Equality Republic of Ireland. (2017). Tánaiste marks passing of sexual offences legislation at Turn off the Red Light event * http://www.turnofftheredlight.ie/news/ Archived 2017-07-08 at the वेबैक मशीन. Accessed 13 June 2017.
- Open Parliament Canada. (2014). Bill C-36: Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act. http://openparliament.ca/bills/41-2/C-36/. Accessed 27 November 2014.
- House of Commons Home Affairs Committee. (2016). Prostitution: Third Report of Session 2016–17. * https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/26/26.pdf. Accessed 10 April 2017.
- Stone, D. (1999). Learning lessons and transferring policy across time, space and disciplines. Politics, 19(1), 51–59.
- Skilbrei, M.-L., & Holmström, C. (2013). Prostitution policy in the Nordic region: Ambiguous sympathies. Surrey: Ashgate.
- CATWA (Coalition against Trafficking in Women in Australia). (2013). Demand Change: Understanding the Nordic Approach to Prostitution.* http://catwa.org.au/files/images/Nordic_Model_Pamphlet.pdf Archived 2022-03-25 at the वेबैक मशीन. Accessed 12 December 2015.
- Equality Now. (2012). Equality Now Advocates for ‘Nordic model’ against Trafficking and Gender Inequality (The Nordic Page) * http://www.equalitynow.org/press_clip/equality_now_advocates_for_nordic_model_against_trafficking_and_gender_inequality_the_nor. Accessed 10 December 2015.
- Home Office. (2008). Tackling Demand For Prostitution Review begins with Sweden Visit. http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/Tackling-Demand-For-Prostitution Archived 2011-01-13 at the वेबैक मशीन. Accessed 30 September 2008.
- Ministry of Justice Sweden. (2009). Penal Code. https://lagen.nu/1962:700. Accessed 3 January 2015.
- Government Offices of Sweden. (2014). Legislation on the purchase of sexual services, http://www.government.se/sb/d/4096/a/119861. Accessed 8th May 2014.
- Swedish Institute. (2010). Prohibition of the purchase of sexual services. An evaluation 1999–2008. * http://www.government.se/content/1/c6/11/98/61/2ac7d62b.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2014.
- Levy, J. (2014). Criminalising the purchase of sex: Lessons from Sweden. London: Routledge.
- The County Administrative Board of Stockholm. (2011). Human Trafficking and Prostitution from a Swedish Perspective * http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/stockholm/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/publikationer/2011/human-trafficking-and-prostitution-2011.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2014.
- Bindel, J. (2010a). Legalising prostitution is not the answer: An evaluation of Swedish law shows that criminalising the purchase, but not the sale, of sex * has* been a great success. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jul/02/prostitution-legalise-criminalise-swedish-law. Accessed 15 July 2014.
- Ministry of Justice and the Police. (Norway) (2008). Criminalizing the purchase of sexual activity. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Justice-and-the-Police/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyheter/2008/criminanlizing-the-purchase-of-sexual-ac.html?id=537854. Accessed 14 August 2014.
- Ministry of Justice Finland. (2006). The Criminal Code of Finland. http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039.pdf Archived 2021-05-06 at the वेबैक मशीन. Accessed 21 November 2014.
- Ministry of Justice Finland. (2004). The Penal Code of Finland. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/trafficking/finland.penal.pdf. Accessed 21 November * 2014.
- Niemi, J., & Aaltone, J. (2014). Abuse of a victim of sex trade: Evaluation of the Finnish sex purchase ban. * http://oikeusministerio.fi/material/attachments/om/julkaisut/FMVCU3esJ/OMSO_13_2014_Sex_136_s_korjattu.pdf Archived 2016-04-14 at the वेबैक मशीन. Accessed 21 November 2014.
- World Intellectual Property Organization. (2015). Iceland general penal code, Act No. 19 of 12 February 1940.* http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=190914. Accessed 7 January 2015.
- Honeyball Report. (2014a). Report on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality (A7–0071/2014). Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, European Parliament.
- Honeyball, M. (2014). We must be ambitious when it comes to prostitution - not accept it as a fact of life. Huffington* post. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/mary-honeyball/protitution-sex-work-law_b_4649359.html. Accessed 3 Nov 2014.
- Ministry of Justice Luxembourg. (2016). The Minister for Equal Opportunities, Mrs Lydia Mutsch, and the Minister of* Justice, Mr Felix Braz, presented the Government's strategy on prostitution in Luxembourg. http://www.mj.public.lu/actualites/2016/06/Strat_gouv_prostitution/index.html?highlight=prostitution%5Bमृत+कड़ियाँ%5D. Accessed 13 July 2016.