कुणबी

कुणबी (अथवा कणबी^[1]) पश्चिमी भारत में पारंपरिक रूप से कुलीन किसानों की जातियों के लिए लागू एक सामान्य शब्द है।^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] इस वर्ग के लोग मुख्य रूप से महाराष्ट्र राज्य में पाए जाते हैं, लेकिन मध्य प्रदेश, गुजरात, कर्नाटक, केरल और गोवा में भी मौजूद हैं। महाराष्ट्र में कुणबी लोग अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के अन्तर्गत रखा गया है। उत्तर भारत में कुणबी को कुर्मी कहा जाता है|^[6]^[a]^[b]

सन्दर्भ

↑ जे॰एच॰ हटन. भारत में जाति-प्रथा: स्वरूप, कर्म और उत्पति. मोतीलाल बनारसीदास प्रकाशक. p. 20. ISBN 8120822110. 31 अक्तूबर 2018 को मूल से पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि: 31 अक्तूबर 2018. {{cite book}}: Text "year -2007" ignored (help)
↑ Lele 1981, पृष्ठ 56 Quote: "Village studies often mention the dominance of the elite Marathas and their refusal to accept non-elite Marathas such as the Kunbis into their kinship structure (Ghurye, 1960; Karve and Damle, 1963)."
↑ Gadgil & Guha 1993, पृष्ठ 84 Quote: "For instance, in western Maharashtra the Rigvedic Deshastha Brahmans are genetically closer to the local Kunbi castes than to the Chitpavan Konkanastha Brahmans (Karve and Malhotra 1968)."
↑ Dhar 2004, p. 1218.
↑ Singh, Lal & Anthropological Survey of India 2003, p. 734.
↑ Dhar 2004, pp. 1179–1239.
1 2 3 Lamb 2002, p. 7.
↑ Farquhar 2008, pp. 162–164.
↑ Srinivas 2007, pp. 189–193.
↑ Rajagopal 2007.
↑ Datta-Ray 2005.

इन्हें भी देखें

मराठा

↑ In Hinduism, communities are divided into four main social classes, also known as Varna in Sanskrit. Each class is further sub-divided into a multitude of castes. The term 'Caste Hindu' is used to refer to these four main classes.^[7] The Dalits (also known as Mahars and Harijans)^[7] were traditionally outside of caste system and can now be said to form a fifth group of castes. The first three Varnas in the hierarchy are said to be dvija (twice-born). They are called twice born on account of their education and these three castes are allowed to wear the sacred thread. These three castes are called the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas. The traditional caste-based occupations are priesthood for the Brahmins, ruler or warrior for the Kshatriyas and businessman or farmer for the Vaishyas. The fourth caste is called the Shudras and their traditional occupation is that of a labourer or a servant. While this is the general scheme all over India, it is difficult to fit all modern facts into it.^[8] These traditional social and religious divisions in the caste system have lost their significance for many contemporary Indians except for marriage alliances.^[7] The traditional pre-British, and pre-modern, Indian society, while stationary, afforded very limited caste mobility to those from non-elite castes who could successfully wage warfare against (and seize power from) a weak ruler, or bring wooded areas under the plough to establish independent kingdoms. According to M. N. Srinivas, "Political fluidity in pre-British India was in the last analysis the product of a pre-modern technology and institutional system. Large kingdoms could not be ruled effectively in the absence railways, post and telegraph, paper and printing, good roads, and modern arms and techniques of warfare.".^[9]
↑ The Indian Constitution of 26 January 1950 outlawed untouchability and caste discrimination.^[10] The constitution gives generous privileges to the backward castes in an effort to redress injustice over the ages.^[11]

सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: "lower-alpha" नामक सन्दर्भ-समूह के लिए <ref> टैग मौजूद हैं, परन्तु समूह के लिए कोई <references group="lower-alpha"/> टैग नहीं मिला। यह भी संभव है कि कोई समाप्ति </ref> टैग गायब है।

[1] जे॰एच॰ हटन. भारत में जाति-प्रथा: स्वरूप, कर्म और उत्पति. मोतीलाल बनारसीदास प्रकाशक. p. 20. ISBN 8120822110. 31 अक्तूबर 2018 को मूल से पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि: 31 अक्तूबर 2018. {{cite book}}: Text "year -2007" ignored (help)

[2] Lele 1981, पृष्ठ 56 Quote: "Village studies often mention the dominance of the elite Marathas and their refusal to accept non-elite Marathas such as the Kunbis into their kinship structure (Ghurye, 1960; Karve and Damle, 1963)."

[GadgilGuha1993-3] Gadgil & Guha 1993, पृष्ठ 84 Quote: "For instance, in western Maharashtra the Rigvedic Deshastha Brahmans are genetically closer to the local Kunbi castes than to the Chitpavan Konkanastha Brahmans (Karve and Malhotra 1968)."

[FOOTNOTEDhar20041218-4] Dhar 2004, p. 1218.

[FOOTNOTESinghLalAnthropological_Survey_of_India2003734-5] Singh, Lal & Anthropological Survey of India 2003, p. 734.

[FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239-6] Dhar 2004, pp. 1179–1239.

[FOOTNOTELamb20027-7] 1 2 3 Lamb 2002, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTEFarquhar2008162–164-8] Farquhar 2008, pp. 162–164.

[FOOTNOTESrinivas2007189–193-9] Srinivas 2007, pp. 189–193.

[FOOTNOTERajagopal2007-11] Rajagopal 2007.

[FOOTNOTEDatta-Ray2005-12] Datta-Ray 2005.

[10] In Hinduism, communities are divided into four main social classes, also known as Varna in Sanskrit. Each class is further sub-divided into a multitude of castes. The term 'Caste Hindu' is used to refer to these four main classes.^[7] The Dalits (also known as Mahars and Harijans)^[7] were traditionally outside of caste system and can now be said to form a fifth group of castes. The first three Varnas in the hierarchy are said to be dvija (twice-born). They are called twice born on account of their education and these three castes are allowed to wear the sacred thread. These three castes are called the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas. The traditional caste-based occupations are priesthood for the Brahmins, ruler or warrior for the Kshatriyas and businessman or farmer for the Vaishyas. The fourth caste is called the Shudras and their traditional occupation is that of a labourer or a servant. While this is the general scheme all over India, it is difficult to fit all modern facts into it.^[8] These traditional social and religious divisions in the caste system have lost their significance for many contemporary Indians except for marriage alliances.^[7] The traditional pre-British, and pre-modern, Indian society, while stationary, afforded very limited caste mobility to those from non-elite castes who could successfully wage warfare against (and seize power from) a weak ruler, or bring wooded areas under the plough to establish independent kingdoms. According to M. N. Srinivas, "Political fluidity in pre-British India was in the last analysis the product of a pre-modern technology and institutional system. Large kingdoms could not be ruled effectively in the absence railways, post and telegraph, paper and printing, good roads, and modern arms and techniques of warfare.".^[9]

[13] The Indian Constitution of 26 January 1950 outlawed untouchability and caste discrimination.^[10] The constitution gives generous privileges to the backward castes in an effort to redress injustice over the ages.^[11]

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