कण भौतिकी के त्वरकों की सूची

मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से

नीचे उन कण त्वरकों की सूची दी गयी है जो कण भौतिकी के प्रयोगों में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। कुछ आरम्भिक त्वरकों को भी इसमें शामिल किया गया है जो नाभिकीय भौतिकी में अनुसंधान के लिये प्रयुक्त हुए थे क्योंकि तब तक नाभिकीय भौतिकी और कण भौतिकी अलग-अलग नहीं थे।

आरम्भिक त्वरक[संपादित करें]

ये सभी केवल एक पुंज (beams) वाले थे और इनका लक्ष्य (targets) अपरिवर्तनीय (फिक्स्ड) था।

साइक्लोट्रॉन[संपादित करें]

त्वरक स्थान कार्यारम्भ
वर्ष 		आकार त्वरित किया
जाने वाला कण 		गतिज
उर्जा 		टीका तथा इससे प्राप्त खोजें
9-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1931 Circular H2+ 1.0 MeV Proof of concept
11-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932 Circular Proton 1.2 MeV
27-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932-1936 Circular Deuteron 4.8 MeV Investigated deuteron-nucleus interactions
37-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1937-1938 Circular Deuteron 8 MeV Discovered many isotopes
60-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1939- Circular Deuteron 16 MeV Discovered many isotopes
184-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab[1] 1942- Circular Various >100 MeV Research on uranium isotope separation
Calutrons Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1943- "Horseshoe" Uranium
nuclei 		Used to separate isotopes for the Manhattan project

[1] First accelerator built at the current Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory site, then known as the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory ("Rad Lab" for short)

अन्य प्रकार के आरम्भिक त्वरक[संपादित करें]

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Accelerated
particle 		Kinetic
Energy 		Notes and discoveries made
Cockcroft and Walton's
electrostatic accelerator 		Cavendish Laboratory 1932 See Cockroft-
Walton generator 		Proton 0.7 MeV First to artificially split the nucleus (Lithium)

सिन्कोट्रॉन (Synchrotrons)[संपादित करें]

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Accelerated
particle 		Kinetic
Energy 		Notes and discoveries made
Cosmotron Brookhaven
National Laboratory 		1953-1968 Circular ring
(72 meters around) 		Proton 3.3 GeV Discovery of V particles, first artificial production of some mesons.
Birmingham
Synchrotron 		University of Birmingham 1953-1967 Proton 1 GeV
Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ie LBNL 1954-~1970 "Race track" Proton 6.2 GeV strange particle experiments, Antiproton and antineutron discovered, resonances discovered
Bevalac, combination of SuperHILAC linear accelerator, a diverting tube, then the Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ie LBNL ~1970-1993 linear accelerator followed by "Race track" any and all sufficiently-stable nuclei could be accelerated observation of compressed nuclear matter. Depositing ions in tumors in cancer research.
Saturne Saclay, France 3 GeV
Synchrophasotron Dubna, Russia December 1949-present 10 GeV
Zero Gradient
Synchrotron 		Argonne National
Laboratory 		1963-1979 12.5 GeV
Proton Synchrotron CERN 1959-present Circular ring
(600 meters around) 		Proton 28 GeV Used to feed ISR, SPS, LHC
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron Brookhaven
National Laboratory 		1960- Proton 33 GeV J/Ψ, muon neutrino, CP violation in kaons, injects polarized protons into RHIC

स्थिर लक्ष्य वाले त्वरक[संपादित करें]

More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently-built colliders.

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Accelerated
particle 		Kinetic
Energy 		Experiments Notes
SLAC Linac SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1966-present 3 km linear
accelerator 		Electron/
Positron 		50 GeV Repeatedly upgraded, used to feed PEP, SPEAR, SLC, and PEP-II
Fermilab Booster Fermilab 1970-present Circular Synchrotron Protons 8 GeV MiniBooNE
Fermilab Main Injector Fermilab 1995-present Circular Synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 150 GeV MINOS
Fermilab Main Ring Fermilab 1970-1995 Circular Synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 400 GeV (until 1979), 150 GeV thereafter
Super Proton Synchrotron CERN 1980-present Circular Synchrotron Protons and ions 480 GeV COMPASS, OPERA and ICARUS at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
Bates Linear Accelerator Middleton, MA 1967-2005 500 MeV recirculating linac and storage ring polarized electrons 1 GeV
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 1995-present 6 GeV recirculating linac (upgrading to 12 GeV) polarized electrons 6 GeV DVCS, PrimEx II, Qweak First large-scale deployment of superconducting RF technology.
ELSA Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Germany 1987-present synchrotron and stretcher (polarized) electrons 3.5 GeV Crystal Barrel
ISIS neutron source Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton,

Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

1984-present H- Linac followed by proton RCS Protons 800 MeV Highest power operational pulsed proton beam in the world
MAMI Mainz, Germany 855 MeV accelerator polarized electrons
Tevatron Fermilab 1983-present Superconducting Circular Synchrotron Protons 980 GeV
Spallation Neutron Source Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2006 - Present Linear (335 m) and Circular (248 m) Protons 800 MeV -
1 GeV

कोलाइडर (Colliders)[संपादित करें]

एलेक्ट्रॉन-पॉजिट्रॉन कोलाइडर[संपादित करें]

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and circumference 		Electron
energy 		Positron
energy 		Experiments Notable Discoveries
AdA Frascati, Italy; Orsay, France 1961-1964 Circular, 3 meters 250 MeV 250 MeV Touschek effect (1963); first e+e- interactions recorded (1964)
Princeton-Stanford (e-e-) Stanford, California 1962-1967 Two-ring, 12 m 300 MeV 300 MeV e+e- pair production
VEP-1 (e-e-) Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1964-1968 Two-ring, 2.70 m 130 MeV 130 MeV e-e- scattering; QED radiative effects confirmed
VEPP-2 Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1965-1974 Circular, 11.5 m 700 MeV 700 MeV OLYA, ND, CMD multihadron production (1966), e+e- -> phi (1966), e+e- -> gamma gamma (1971)
SPEAR SLAC 1972-1990(?) Mark I, Mark II, Mark III Discovery of Charmonium states
VEPP-2M Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1974-2000 Circular, 17.88 m 700 MeV 700 MeV SND, CMD-2
DORIS DESY 1974-1993 Circular, 300m 5 GeV 5 GeV ARGUS, Crystal Ball, DASP, PLUTO Oscillation in neutral B mesons
PETRA DESY 1978-1986 Circular, 2 km 20 GeV 20 GeV JADE, MARK-J, PLUTO, TASSO Discovery of the gluon in three jet events
CESR Cornell University 1979-2002 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CUSB, CHESS, CLEO, CLEO-2, CLEO-2.5, CLEO-3 First observation of B decay, charmless and "radiative penguin" B decays
PEP SLAC 1980-1990(?) Mark II
SLC SLAC 1988-1998(?) Addition to
SLAC Linac 		45 GeV 45 GeV SLD, Mark II First linear collider
LEP CERN 1989-2000 Circular, 27 km 104 GeV 104 GeV Aleph, Delphi, Opal, L3 Only 3 light () weakly-interacting neutrinos exist, implying only three generations of quarks and leptons
BEPC China 1989-2004 Circular, 240m 2.2 GeV 2.2 GeV Beijing Spectrometer (I and II)
VEPP-4M Novosibirsk 1994- Circular, 366m 6.0 GeV 6.0 GeV KEDR
PEP-II SLAC 1998-2008 Circular, 2.2 km 9 GeV 3.1 GeV Babar Discovery of CP violation in B meson system
KEKB KEK 1999-2009 Circular, 3 km 8.0 GeV 3.5 GeV Belle Discovery of CP violation in B meson system
DAΦNE Frascati, Italy 1999- Circular, 98m 0.7 GeV 0.7 GeV KLOE Crab-waist collisions (2007)
CESR-c Cornell University 2002-2008 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CHESS, CLEO-c
VEPP-2000 Novosibirsk 2006- Circular, 24.4m 1.0 GeV 1.0 GeV SND, CMD-3 Round beams (2007)
BEPC II China 2008- Circular, 240m 3.7 GeV 3.7 GeV Beijing Spectrometer III

हैड्रॉन कोलाइडर (Hadron colliders)[संपादित करें]

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Particles
collided 		Beam
energy 		Experiments
Intersecting
Storage Rings 		CERN 1971-1984 Circular rings
(948 m around) 		Proton/
Proton 		31.5 GeV
Super
Proton Synchrotron/SppS 		CERN 1981-1984 Circular ring
(6.9 km around) 		Proton/
Antiproton 		270 GeV UA1, UA2
Tevatron
Run I 		Fermilab 1992-1995 Circular ring
(6.3 km around) 		Proton/
Antiproton 		900 GeV CDF, D0
Tevatron
Run II 		Fermilab 2001-present Circular ring
(6.3 km around) 		Proton/
Antiproton 		980 GeV CDF, D0
RHIC
proton+proton mode 		BNL 2000-present Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference) 		Polarized Proton/
Proton 		100-250 GeV PHENIX, STAR
Large Hadron
Collider 		CERN 2008-present Circular rings
(27 km around) 		Proton/
Proton 		7 TeV ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, LHCf, TOTEM

एलेक्ट्रॉन-प्रोटॉन कोलाइडर[संपादित करें]

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Electron
energy 		Proton
energy 		Experiments
HERA DESY 1992(-2007) Circular ring
(6336 meters around) 		27.5 GeV 920 GeV H1, ZEUS, HERMES, HERA-B

आयन कोलाइडर[संपादित करें]

Accelerator Location Years of
operation 		Shape
and size 		Ions
collided 		Ion
energy 		Experiments
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York 2000-present Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference) 		d-साँचा:SimpleNuclide279+;
साँचा:SimpleNuclide229+-साँचा:SimpleNuclide229+;
साँचा:SimpleNuclide279+-साँचा:SimpleNuclide279+ 		4.6-100 GeV per nucleon STAR, PHENIX, Brahms, Phobos
Large Hadron
Collider, ion mode 		CERN 2008-present Circular rings
(27 km circumference) 		साँचा:SimpleNuclide282+-साँचा:SimpleNuclide282+ 2.76 TeV per nucleon ALICE, ATLAS, CMS

प्रकाश स्रोत[संपादित करें]

संकल्पनात्मक त्वरक (Hypothetical accelerators)[संपादित करें]

Besides the real accelerators listed above, there are hypothetical accelerators often used as hypothetical examples or optimistic projects by particle physicists.

  • Planckatron is a term often used colloquially by particle physicists to describe the accelerator with a center-of-mass energy of the order of the Planck scale. It is estimated that the radius of the Planckatron has to be roughly the radius of the Milky Way.
  • Eloisatron (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) was a project of INFN headed by Antonio Zichichi at the Ettore Majorana Foundation in Erice, Sicily. The center-of-mass energy was planned to be 200 TeV, and the size was planned to span parts of Europe and Asia.
  • Fermitron was an accelerator sketched by Enrico Fermi on a notepad in the 1940s proposing an accelerator in stable orbit around the earth.
  • Arguably also in this category falls the Zevatron, a term used to describe hypothetical sources for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

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