प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाओं की तुलना

किसी मशीन ( प्रायः संगणक ) के व्यवहार को नियंत्रित करने के लिये प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाओं का प्रयोग किया जाता है। प्राकृतिक भाषाओं की भांति प्रोग्रामन भाषाओं के भी सिन्टैक्स और सिमैन्टिक्स होते हैं।

इस समय हजारों प्रोग्रामन भाषाएं प्रकाश में हैं। इनमें से कुछ भाषाएँ बहुत लोकप्रिय हैं जिनको बहुत सारे लोक प्रयोग में लाते हैं । दूसरी तरफ यह भी सत्य है कि अनेक प्रोग्रामर दर्जनों भाषाओं में काम करते हैं।

सामान्य तुलना

भाषा	प्रोग्रामिंग सम्बन्धी विशेषता	मानकीकृत है?
ActionScript 3.0	imperative, object-oriented, event-driven	हाँ, ECMA
Ada	concurrent, distributed, generic, imperative, object-oriented	हाँ, ANSI, ISO
ALGOL 58	imperative	नहीं
ALGOL 60	imperative	हाँ, ISO
ALGOL 68	concurrent, imperative	नहीं
APL	array-oriented	हाँ, ISO
BASIC	procedural	हाँ, ANSI
BLISS	procedural	नहीं
Boo		नहीं
सी	imperative	हाँ, ANSI C89, ISO C90/C99
सी++	imperative, object-oriented, generic	हाँ, ISO
C#	imperative, object-oriented, generic, reflective	हाँ, ECMA, ISO
Chrome	imperative, object-oriented, generic	नहीं
Clean	functional, generic	नहीं
COBOL	imperative, object-oriented	हाँ
ColdFusion	procedural, object-oriented	नहीं
Common Lisp	imperative, functional, object-oriented	हाँ
D	imperative, object-oriented, generic	नहीं
Dylan	functional, object-oriented	नहीं
Eiffel	imperative, object-oriented, generic	हाँ, ECMA, ISO
Erlang	functional, concurrent, distributed	नहीं
F#	functional, object-oriented, imperative, generic	नहीं
Forth	imperative, stack-oriented	हाँ, ANSI
Fortran	imperative, procedural, object-oriented	हाँ
GraphTalk	logic-oriented, object-oriented	नहीं
Groovy	imperative, object-oriented, aspect-oriented	नहीं
Haskell	functional, generic, lazy evaluation	नहीं
Io	imperative, object-oriented	नहीं
J	array-oriented, function-level, tacit	नहीं
जावा	imperative, object-oriented, generic, reflective	नहीं
जावास्क्रिप्ट	imperative, object-oriented, functional, reflective	हाँ
Joy	functional, stack-oriented	नहीं
Lisp	functional, reflective; others vary by dialect	only Common Lisp
Lua	procedural, imperative, reflective	नहीं
Mathematica	functional, procedural	नहीं
Modula-2	imperative, generic	हाँ, ISO/IEC 10514-1:1996
Modula-3	imperative, object-oriented, generic	नहीं
Oberon	imperative, object-oriented	नहीं
Objective-C	imperative, object-oriented, reflective	हाँ
Objective Caml	object-oriented, functional, imperative, generic	नहीं
Object Pascal (Delphi)	imperative, object-oriented, generic	नहीं
Oz	logic, functional, imperative, object-oriented, concurrent - multi paradigm	नहीं
Pascal	imperative , procedural	हाँ
Perl	procedural, reflective, functional, object-oriented	नहीं
PHP	imperative, object-oriented, reflective	नहीं
Prolog	logic	हाँ, ISO
Python	imperative, object-oriented, functional, aspect-oriented, reflective	नहीं
Ruby	imperative, object-oriented, aspect-oriented	नहीं
S-Lang	imperative, procedural	नहीं
Scala	object-oriented, functional, generic	नहीं
Scheme	functional	हाँ
Smalltalk	object-oriented, concurrent, event-driven, imperative, declarative	हाँ, ANSI
Tcl	imperative, procedural, event-driven	नहीं
Visual Basic	component-oriented, event-driven	नहीं
Visual Basic .NET	object-oriented, event-driven	नहीं
Visual Prolog	logical, object-oriented, functional, event-driven, imperative, declarative	नहीं
Windows PowerShell	imperative, object-oriented, functional, pipeline, reflective	नहीं
XL	concept programming, imperative (by default), object-oriented (multiple models),	नहीं
Language	Paradigm(s)	Standardized?

Type systems

Language	Type strength	Type safety	Expression of types	"Compatibility"	Type checking
ActionScript 3.0	strong	safe			static
Ada	strong	safe		nominative	static
ALGOL 58	strong	safe			static
ALGOL 60	strong	safe			static
ALGOL 68	strong	safe		structural	static or dynamic (tagged union)
APL	strong	safe			dynamic
BASIC	varies by dialect
BLISS	none	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Boo	strong		implicit
C	weak	unsafe	explicit		static
C++	strong	unsafe	explicit	nominative	static
C#	strong	safe (but unsafe allowed)	implicit		static
Chrome	strong	safe (but unsafe allowed)	implicit		static
Clean	strong		implicit		static
COBOL	strong				static
ColdFusion	weak		implicit		dynamic
Common Lisp	strong	safe			dynamic
D	strong	unsafe			static
Dylan	strong	safe			dynamic
Eiffel	strong	safe		nominative	static
Erlang	strong				dynamic
F#	strong	safe	implicit	nominative	static
Forth	none	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Fortran	strong	safe		nominative	static
GraphTalk	weak
Groovy	strong	safe	implicit	n/a	dynamic
Haskell	strong		implicit		static
Io	strong				dynamic
J	strong	safe			dynamic
Java	strong	safe	explicit	nominative	static
JavaScript	weak				dynamic
Joy	none	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Lisp	strong				dynamic
Lua	strong	safe	implicit		dynamic
Mathematica	strong				dynamic
Modula-2	strong	safe (but unsafe allowed)	explicit	structural	static
Modula-3	strong	safe (but unsafe allowed)		structural	static
Oberon	strong	safe			static
Objective-C	strong				static
Objective Caml	strong	safe	implicit	structural	static
Object Pascal (Delphi)	strong	safe (but unsafe allowed)		nominative	static
Oz					dynamic
Pascal	strong	safe	explicit		static
Perl	strong		implicit		dynamic
PHP	weak				dynamic
Prolog	strong				dynamic
Python	strong	safe	implicit		dynamic
Ruby	strong		implicit		dynamic
S-Lang	strong	safe			dynamic
Scala	strong		partially implicit		static
Scheme	strong				dynamic (latent)
Smalltalk	strong	safe	implicit		dynamic
Tcl					dynamic
Visual Basic	strong	safe		nominative	static
Visual Basic .NET	strong				static
Visual Prolog	strong	safe		nominative	static
Windows PowerShell	strong	safe	implicit		dynamic
XL	strong	safe		nominative	static
Language	Type strength	Type safety	Expression of types	"Compatibility"	Type checking

प्रयोग (usage)

भाषा	लक्ष्यित उपयोग (intended use)	डिजाइन उद्देश्य (Design goals)
ActionScript 3.0	Web design
Ada	Embedded, Realtime applications	Reliability
ALGOL	Application	Readability, Structure
APL	Data processing	Terseness, Expressiveness
AutoIt	Automation, Scripting	Very quick development
BASIC	Education	Simplicity
BLISS	System	Type free
Boo	Application	Python-like syntax, extensibility
C	System	Low level access, Minimal constraint
C++	Application, System	Abstraction, Efficiency, Compatibility
C#	Application	Rapid application development
Chrome	Application	Extends Object Pascal to work on .NET
Clean	General	Correctness, Modularity
COBOL	Business and Financial Applications	Readability
ColdFusion	Web Development	Rapid Application Development, Ease of use
Common Lisp	General	Standardize Lisp
D	Application, System	Compilability, Correctness, Efficiency
Dylan	Application, General	Dynamic but well-suited for commercial software
Eiffel	Application	Correctness, Efficiency, "Design by contract"
Erlang	Telecom and distributed applications	Fault tolerance, Scalability
F#	Application
Forth	Application, Embedded systems	Compact implementations
Fortran	Scientific and numeric applications	Runtime efficiency, Simple syntax
GraphTalk
Groovy	Application	JVM compatibility
Haskell	Education	Side-effect free
Io	Application, Host-driven Scripting
J	Data processing	Terseness, Expressiveness, Powerful Data Manipulation
Java	Application	"Write once run anywhere"
JavaScript	Client side web scripting
Joy	Functional programming research	Concatenative
Lisp	General	Simple notation for Lambda calculus, Homoiconicity
Lua	Host-driven Scripting
Mathematica	Numeric computation and visualization
Modula-2	Application, systems programming	Source modules, Co-routines, Brevity.
Modula-3		OO extension of Modula-2
Oberon	Application, Type-safe systems programming	Simplicity, safety and efficiency; Simplifed Modula-2
Objective-C	Application	Smalltalk like, Component based code reuse, C compatibility
Objective Caml	Application	Efficiency, Robustness, Correctness
Object Pascal (Delphi)	Application, System	Readability, Rapid application development, Modularity
Oz	Education
Pascal	Education	Readability, Discipline, Modularity
Perl	Text processing, Scripting	Terseness, Expressiveness
PHP	Web Application, CLI	Robustness and Simplicity
Prolog	Problem solving, Artificial intelligence	Declarative programming
Python	Application, Education, Scripting	Simplicity, Readability, Expressiveness, Modularity
Ruby	Application, Scripting	Expressiveness, Readability
S-Lang	Application, Numerical, Scripting	Small footprint, Embedded, Fast Numerics
Scala	Education
Scheme	General, Education	Minimalistic, Lexical Scoping
Smalltalk	Application, Education	Uniformity, Pure object oriented
SNOBOL	Text processing
Tcl	Application, Scripting
Visual Basic	Application	Rapid application development, Simplicity
Visual Basic .NET	Application	Rapid application development, Simplicity
Windows PowerShell	Automation, Scripting	Applicability, "One language to program them all"
XL
Language	Intended use	Design goals

व्यंजनात्मकता (expressiveness)

C	1	1
C++	2.5	1
Fortran	2.5	0.8
Java	2.5	1.5
MS Visual Basic	4.5	?
Perl	6	6
Smalltalk	6	6.25
Python	6	6.5

वाह्य सूत्र

• 99-bottles-of-beer.net One program in over a thousand variations and multiple languages.
• The Computer Language Benchmarks Game at Alioth
• Language Study — Syntax across languages.
• Programming Language Comparison — A comparison of nine programming languages and related information.
• Computer Language Shootout Scorecard — Comparison of benchmark results for dozens of languages.
• Scriptometer scores — Multiple comparisons of 26 programming languages.
• Are Scripting Languages Any Good? A Validation of Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl against C, C++, and Java — PDF — 2003 study
• An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl — PDF — March 2000 refereed journal paper
• An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a search/string-processing program — PDF — March 2000 technical report (same author, experiment, and data as above, but has additional analysis and charts)
• ABAP2Java.com Comparision and Translation of ABAP and Java
• Comparing Web Languages in Theory and Practice — PDF — Research to fulfill Kristofer J. Carlson's master's degree requirements.
• The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages — As of May 2006, the encyclopedia lists 8512 computer languages with 17837 bibliographic records featuring 11064 extracts.
• PLEAC Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook.
• The hundred-year language by Paul Graham. Keynote from PyCon2003 (about Python): how languages evolve and what increase in CPU speed might bring us.
• TIOBE Programming Community Index The TIOBE Programming Community index gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages.
• OHLOH Language Statistics The programming languages page on Ohloh gives an actively updated indication of the popularity of programming languages in open-source projects.
• History of Programming Language Statements History and Comparing Programming Languages.
• Comparison Cheat Sheet between Languages